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UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA    PUBLICATIONS 

IN  Ly 

BOTANY 

Vol.  4,  No.  1,  pp.  1-74,  Pis.  1-11,  15  text-figures  Marctf  19,  1910 


STUDIES  IN  ORNAMENTAL  TREES 
AND  SHRUBS 


BY 
HARVEY  MONROE  ^ 


BERKELEY 
THE   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA    PUBLICATIONS 

Note. — The  University  of  California  Publications  are  offered  in  exchange  for  the  publi- 
cations of  learned  societies  and  institutions,  universities  and  libraries.  Complete  lists  of 
all  the  publications  of  the  University  will  be  sent  upon  request.  For  sample  copies,  lists  of 
publications  and  other  information,  address  the  Manager  of  the  University  Press,  Berkeley, 
California,  U.  S.  A.  All  matter  sent  in  exchange  should  be  addressed  to  The  Exchange 
Department,  University  Library,  Berkeley,  California,  U.  S.  A. 

OTTO    HAEEASSOWITZ  E.   FEIEDLAENDEE  &   SOHN 

LEIPZIG  BEELIN 

Agent  for  the  series  in  American  Arch-  Agent  for  the  series  in  American  Arch- 
aeology and  Ethnology,  Classical  Philology,  aeology  and  Ethnology,  Botany,  Geology, 
Education,  Modern  Philology,  Philosophy.  Pathology,  Physiology,  Zoology. 

BOTANY.— W.  A.  Setchell,  Editor.    Price  per  volume,  $3.50.    Volumes  I  (pp.  418),  H  (pp. 
360),  III  (pp.  400),  completed.    Volume  IV  (in  progress). 

Cited  as  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot. 

Vol.  1.      1.  A  Botanical  Survey  of  San  Jacinto  Mountain,  by  Harvey  Monroe 

Hall.     Pp.  1-140;  plates  1-14.     June,  1902  $1.00 

2.  Two  new  Ascomycetous  Fungi  Parasitic  on  Marine  Algae,  by  Minnie 

Eeed.    Pp.  141-164;  plates  15-16.    November,  1902 25 

3.  Algae  of  Northwestern  Ameriqa,  by  William  Albert  Setchell  and  Na- 

thaniel Lyon  Gardner.    Pp.  165-418;  plates  17-27.    March,  1903 2.25 

Vol.  2.      1.  A  Eeview  of  Californian  Polemoniaceae,  by  Jessie  Milliken.    Pp.  1- 

71;  plates  1-11.    May,  1904 75 

2.  Contributions  to  Cytological  Technique,  by  W.  J.  V.  Osterhout.    Pp. 

73-90;  5  text-figures.    June,  1904 25 

3.  Limu,  by  William  Albert  Setchell.    Pp.  91-113.    April,  1905  25 

4.  Post-Embryonal   Stages   of    the   Laminariaceae,   by  William   Albert 

Setchell.    Pp.  llb-138;  plates  13-14.    April,  1905  1 .25 

5.  Eegeneration  among  Kelps,  by  William  Albert  Setchell.    Pp.  139-168; 

plates  15-17.     July,  1905  .30 

6.  A  New  Genus  of  Ascomycetous  Fungi,  by  Nathaniel  Lyon  Gardner. 

Pp.  169-180;   plate  18.     July,  1905 .15 

7.  Teratology  in  the  Flowers  of  some  Californian  Willows,  by  William 

Warner  Mott.    Pp.  181-226;  plates  16-20.    December,  1905 .60 

8.  9,  10,  11.  (In  one  cover.)    The  Eesistance  of  Certain  Marine  Algae  to 

Changes  in  Osmotic  Pressure  and  Temperature.  The  E61e  of  Os- 
motic Pressure  in  Marine  Plants.  On  the  Importance  of  Physiolog- 
ically Balanced  Solutions  for  Plants.  The  Antitoxic  Action  of 
Potassium  on  Magnesium.  By  W.  J.  V.  Osterhout.  Pp.  227-236. 
March,  1906 .25 

12.  Cytological  Studies  in  Cyanophyceae,  by  Nathaniel  Lyon  Gardner. 

Pp.  237-296;  plates  21-26.     November,  1906  , 1.00 

13.  On  a  Small  Collection  of  Mosses  from  Alaska,  by  J.  Cardot  and  T. 

ThSriot.    Pp.  297-308;  plates  27-28.    December,  1906 10 

14.  Some  Unreported  Alaskan  Sphagna,  together  with  a  Summary  of  the 

Cryptogamic  Work  of  the  University  of  California  Botanical  Ex- 
pedition to  Alaska  in  1899,  by  William  Albert  Setchell.  Pp.  309- 
315.  September,  1907 .05 

15.  On  Nutrient  and  Balanced  Solutions,  by  W.  J.  V.  Osterhout.    Pp.  317- 

318.     October,  1907 05 

16.  A  Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Godetias,  by  Willis  T-fo.n  Jepson. 

Pp.  319-354;  plate  29.    December,  1907  40 

Index,  pp.  355-360. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA     PUBLICATIONS 

IN 

BOTANY 

Vol.  4,  No.  1,  pp.  1-74,  Pis.  1-11,  15  text-figures  March  19,  1910 


STUDIES    IN    ORNAMENTAL    TREES    AND 

SHRUBS. 


BY 

HAEVEY  MONROE  HALL. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Introduction  and  acknowledgments  2 

Pittosporums  cultivated  in  California  : 4 

Hakeas  cultivated  in  California  14 

The  Bottle-brush  group  of  Ornamentals  21 

Introductory 21 

Botanical  Description  of  the  Myrtaceae  21 

Key  to  the  Genera  22 

Callistemon    22 

Melaleuca  27 

Leptospermum    35 

Agonis,  Metrosideros,  and  Calothamnus  36,  37 

Miscellaneous  Ornamentals  37 

Lyonothamnus  floribundus  (Island  Ironwood)  37 

Eugenia  myrtifolia  (Australian  Brush  Cherry)  40 

Macadamia  ternifolia  (Australian  Nut)   •. 41 

Maytenus  Boaria   (Mayten) 43 

Eoupala  Pohlii  (Eoupala)  44 

Choisya  ternata  (Choisya)   44 

Streptosolen  Jamesonii  (Streptosolen)  46 

Solatium  Eantonnetii  (Blue-flowered  Solanum)  47 

Buddleia  madagascdriensis  (Madagascar  Buddleia)  47 

Acolcantliera  spectabilis  (Wintersweet)  49 

Feijoa  Sellowiana   (Feijoa)    50 

Explanation  of  Plates  52 


2  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

INTRODUCTION  AND  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The  people  of  California  are  slowly  coming  to  a  realization 
of  the  fact  that  the  climatic  and  soil  conditions  of  this  state  are 
suitable  for  the  growth  of  the  best  ornamentals  that  the  world 
affords,  and  that  they  have  the  opportunity  here  to  develop  a 
high-class  system  of  landscape  gardening.  This  realization  is 
leading  to  a  demand  for  more  information  concerning  the  better 
sorts  of  ornamental  shrubs  and  trees.  The  object  of  the  present 
paper  is  to  aid  in  supplying  such  information  and  is  at  the  same 
time  a  critical  botanical  study  of  the  species  here  presented. 

Many  of  our  best  ornamentals  are  scarcely  known  outside 
of  the  grounds  of  a  few  wealthy  citizens  who  have  introduced 
them  for  their  own  pleasure,  others  are  appreciated  only  by 
certain  communities.  Some  of  these  desirable  sorts  are  here 
given  attention  in  order  that  their  use  may  become  more  general. 
It  is  especially  hoped  that  small  grounds  and  yards  may  be 
planted  with  only  the  best,  but  it  is  also  hoped  that  those  inter- 
ested in  laying  out  villa  sites,  public  parks,  school-grounds,  ceme- 
teries, railroad  parks,  and  the  li'ke,  will  be  stimulated  to  more 
care  and  discrimination  in  the  selection  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
since  their  choice  affects  the  pleasure  of  many  people  throughout 
many  years. 

Aside  from  their  ornamental  value,  many  of  the  plants  men- 
tioned in  this  paper  will  doubtless  be  found  useful  in  the  work 
of  reforestation.  Several  species  of  Hakea,  and  especially  the 
more  drought-resistant  sorts  of  Pittosporum  and  Melaleuca,  are 
among  the  most  promising  shrubs  and  small  trees  for  chaparral 
planting  in  our  foothill  districts.  Certain  of  the  plants  here 
considered  will  be  of  much  value  in  California,  when  better 
known,  because  of  their  edible  fruits  or  nuts.  This  particularly 
applies  to  Feijoa  Sellowiana,  and  to  Macadamia  ternifolia,  both 
trees  of  high  ornamental  value. 

The  greatest  confusion  exists  among  California  gardeners, 
nurserymen,  and  architects,  concerning  the  names  of  many  of 
our  plants.  This  is  due,  in  part,  to  the  fact  that  they  are  not 
grown  in  eastern  or  European  gardens;  hence  they  are  not  de- 
scribed in  the  standard  gardening  dictionaries.  For  most  of 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  3 

the  groups  here  treated,  easy,  artificial  keys  to  the  species  have 
therefore  been  prepared,  and  many  illustrations  added. 

The  garden  investigations  were  undertaken  as  a  part  of  the 
author's  duties  as  assistant  botanist  to  the  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  of  the  University  of  California.  Financial  aid 
was  received  from  grants  from  the  Adams  Fund  of  the  United 
States  Government,  but  this  paper  is  not  to  be  considered  as 
the  sole  result  of  these  investigations,  or  even  as  the  most  im- 
portant result.  The  critical  examination  of  specimens  gathered 
during  the  course  of  this  study  was  undertaken  at  the  Univer- 
sity, where  free  use  was  made  of  the  botanical  library  and  of 
the  herbarium. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  acknowledge  the  assistance  received  from 
numerous  nurserymen,  gardeners,  and  other  residents  of  Cali- 
fornia, who  have  allowed  the  writer  a  free  examination  of  their 
plants  and  supplied  much  valuable  information.  Dr.  F.  Fran- 
ceschi  and  Mr.  W.  H.  Morse,  of  Santa  Barbara,  Mr.  Compton  of 
Montecito,  Mr.  Ernest  Braunton  and  Mr.  L.  A.  Greata,  of  Los 
Angeles,  Mr.  D.  W.  Coolidge,  of  Pasadena,  Miss  K.  0.  Sessions, 
of  San  Diego,  Mr.  John  McLaren,  Superintendent  of  Golden 
Gate  Park,  San  Francisco,  and  many  others  should  be  mentioned 
in  this  connection.  Among  the  foreign  correspondents  who  have 
supplied  -critical  notes,  or  specimens  for  comparison,  it  is  a  pleas- 
ure to  mention  Dr.  J.  H.  Maiden,  Government  Botanist  for  New 
South  Wales,  Mr.  T.  F.  Cheeseman,  of  the  Museum  at  Auckland, 
the  late  Mr.  H.  J.  Matthews,  formerly  Chief  Forester  of  New 
Zealand,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Burtt-Davy,  Government  Botanist  for 
the  Transvaal.  Mr.  C.  N.  Forbes,  of  Honolulu,  has  supplied 
valuable  material  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Harry  Evans  for  the  preparation  of 
line  drawings  used  in  figures  1  to  13,  and  to  Miss  Carlotta  Case 
for  the  one  used  in  figure  15.  The  drawings  used  in  plates  3, 
4,  and  5  are  all  the  work  of  Mrs.  Louise  Nash.  Of  the  text 
figures,  no.  2  is  adapted  from  Curtis'  Botanical  Magazine,  plate 
2246;  no.  5  is  from  Hooker's  Icones  Plantarum,  plate  447;  and 
no.  14  is  a  tracing  from  Lindley's  Botanical  Register,  plate  410. 
All  of  the  others  are  original,  drawn  either  from  the  living  plant 
or  from  herbarium  specimens.  All  line  drawings  used  in  the 
preparation  of  the  plates  are  original,  except  figure  2  of  plate  3. 


University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     tv°L- 


PITTOSPORUMS  CULTIVATED  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

Pittosporum  is  the  generic  name  of  certain  ornamental  ever- 
green trees  and  shrubs  which  have  come  to  us  mostly  from  New 
Zealand,  Australia,  and  the  neighboring  islands.  About  seventy 
species  are  known,  of  which  some  fourteen  have  found  their  way 
into  California. 

The  popularity  of  these  plants  is  due  to  the  ease  with  which 
they  are  grown  and  to  their  suitability  for  planting  in  various 
situations.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  however,  that  several  of  the 
better  sorts  are  scarcely  known  to  our  nurserymen  and  land- 
scape gardeners.  These  have  been  introduced  and  grown  on 
private  grounds  where  their  superior  qualities  are  fully  appre- 
ciated, but  no  particular  effort  has  yet  been  made  to  extend  their 
cultivation.  It  is  for  the  double  purpose  of  making  these  species 
better  known  and  of  providing  keys  and  descriptions  whereby 
any  Pittosporum  grown  in  California  may  be  identified,  that  this 
account  has  been  prepared. 

Special  Uses. 

It  has  been  said  above  that  Pittosporums  are  suited  to  many 
conditions.  The  species  adapted  to  special  purposes  may  be 
grouped  as  follows: 

As  a  street  or  avenue  tree  P.  undulatum  (the  Victorian  Box) 
has  been  much  recommended  in  southern  California,  especially 
by  Mr.  Ernest  Braunton,  and  its  rapid  growth,  large  size,  and 
smooth,  green  leaves  are  certainly  in  its  favor.  It  will,  however, 
require  careful  training  and  can  be  expected  to  attain  stately 
dimensions  only  where  abundant  summer  heat  and  some  irriga- 
tion can  be  depended  upon.  A  species  of  much  greater  promise 
is  P.  rlwmbifolium,  of  which  there  are  now  several  good  exam- 
ples in  California.  This  has  a  more  erect  growth  with  a  single 
central  shaft  and  pyramidal  crown  and  is  gorgeous  with  orange- 
scarlet  berries  for  several  months  in  each  year.  P.  phillyrae- 
oides,  P.  eugenioides,  and  P.  crassifolium  may  also  be  considered 
in  this  connection,  but  are  not  to  be  generally  recommended. 

For  hedges  P.  undulatum  is  the  best  if  a  broad,  massive  hedge 
is  desired.  P.  eugenioides  is  the  best  in  case  a  tall,  narrow  hedge 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  5 

is  wanted,  particularly  if  a  light-green  color  is  preferred.  P. 
tenui folium  also  may  be  trimmed  into  a  narrow  hedge,  but  is 
more  twiggy,  less  leafy,  and  of  a  darker  green  color.  Both  of 
these  two  last-mentioned  take  very  kindly  to  pruning,  making 
neat  hedges  generally  superior  to  the  much  used  privet  and  box. 
For  low  hedges  and  for  edgings  the  rambling,  light-green  and 
glossy  P.  lieteropliyllum,  a  recently  introduced  and  still  rare 
species,  should  be  considered. 

The  most  fragrant  Pittosporums  are  P.  Tobira  and  P.  undu- 
latum.^  These  are  both  sweet-scented,  the  fragrance  resembling 
that  of  orange  blossoms,  while  the  flowers  of  P.  eriocarpum  have 
a  very  pleasing  banana-like  fragrance. 

For  general  yard  and  lawn  planting,  where  only  a  shrub  is 
desired,  any  of  the  species  here  described  may  be  used,  except 
only  the  tree-like  species  and  the  half-reclining  P.  heterophyllum. 
Even  such  arboreous  sorts  as  P.  crassifolium  make  good  shrubs 
if  well  headed  in,  the  pruning  serving  the  double  purpose  of 
keeping  the  plant  within  bounds  and  of  causing  it  to  throw  out 
an  abundance  of  new  foliage.  In  case  a  mass  of  gray-colored 
foliage  is  desired,  P.  eriocarpum  is  by  far  the  best. 

For  reforestation  purposes  P.  phillyraeoides  is  perhaps  to  be 
recommended  as  of  most  importance  because  of  its  drought- 
resisting  powers.  It  would  grow  readily  on  any  of  our  lower 
ranges  without  attention  but  would  need  to  be  protected  from 
browsing  animals  in  its  early  stages.  P.  tenuifolium  and  P. 
crassifolium  are  among  the  most  hardy  species  and  could  be  used 
throughout  the  coast  counties  of  California. 

Propagation. 

The  seeds  of  Pittosporum  usually  germinate  readily,  but  in 
California  the  rarer  sorts  are  occasionally  infertile.  This  is 
probably  due  to  the  absence  of  cross-pollination,  particularly  in 
those  cases  where  the  parent  plant  is  the  only  one  of  the  species 
in  the  neighborhood.  It  is  claimed  by  some  that  only  the  spring 
crop  of  seeds  of  P.  rhombifolium  are  fertile.  P.  phillyraeoides. 
is  perhaps  the  most  difficult  species  to  propagate  in  this  way,  but 
it  throws  up  numerous  root  suckers  which  may  be  separated  from 
the  parent  and  transplanted. 


6  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

The  most  rapid,  and  for  most  species  the  most  satisfactory 
method  is  propagation  by  cuttings.  These  should  be  taken  from 
the  half-ripened  wood  and  seldom  fail  to  strike  root  if  given 
ordinary  care. 

It  is  sometimes  desirable  to  "work  over"  one  species  into 
another  after  the  plant  has  attained  considerable  size.  While 
this  may  possibly  be  accomplished  by  the  ordinary  methods  of 
grafting,  at  least  in  some  cases,  the  procedure  known  to  nursery- 
men as  inarching  is  more  likely  to  prove  successful. 

Botanical  Description  of  Pittosporum  (Family  Pittosporeaceae) . 

Shrubs  and  small  trees,  mostly  evergreen.  Leaves  simple,  without 
stipules,  entire  or  toothed,  mostly  alternate  but  sometimes  so  crowded  as 
to  appear  whorled  on  the  twigs.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  or  pan- 
icles, or  in  axillary  umbels,  or  solitary.  Sepals  5,  either  distinct  or 
united  at  base.  Petals  5,  rarely  distinct  to  base,  usually  connivent  or 
cohering  in  a  tube.  Stamens  5,  free;  anthers  erect,  ovate-oblong.  Ovary 
sessile  or  short-stipitate,  incompletely  2-celled  (or  rarely  3-  to  5-celled). 
Style  short.  Fruit  a  globose,  ovate,  or  obovate  capsule,  often  com- 
pressed, sometimes  colored  and  berry-like  in  appearance,  the  valves 
leathery  or  almost  woody,  the  placentae  central.  Seeds  thick  or  glob- 
ular, not  winged,  smooth  but  usually  embedded  in  a  viscous  substance, 
disagreeable  to  the  taste  because  of  the  presence  of  an  aromatic,  resin- 
ous, or  acrid  principle.  The  name  "Pittosporum"  is  derived  from  two 
Greek  words  and  may  be  translated  as  l '  pitch  seed. ' '  This  term  was 
chosen  because  of  the  pitch-like  exudation  of  the  seed-coats  just  men- 
tioned. 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Pittosporum  grown  in  California. 

A.  Color  of  flowers  black  or  nearly  so. 

Flowers  mostly  axillary,  i.e.,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  leaf:  leaves  thin, 

glabrous  1.  P.  tenuifolium. 

Flowers  in  terminal  clusters:  leaves  thick. 

Leaves  with  recurved  margins,  white-tomentose  beneath:    capsule   % 

to  1}4  in-  long,  tomentose  2.  P.  crassifolium. 

Leaves  with  flat  margins. 

Capsule    %    in.   long,   pubescent:    leaves   white-tomentose    beneath 

3.    P.   Kalphii. 

Capsule   %  to  1  in.  long,  glabrous:   leaves  glabrous  when  mature 
4.    P.   Fairchildii. 

B.  Color  of  flowers  white,  greenish,  or  yellow. 
Leaves  v.ery  obtuse,  thick  and  leathery. 

Flowers  %  in.  long,  in  terminal  umbels,  usually  pure  white. 

Foliage  uniformly  green  5.  P.  Tdbira. 

Foliage  variegated  with  white  5.  P.  Tobira  variegatum. 

Flowers  %  in.  long,  in  terminal  panicles,  greenish  yellow  

6.  P.  viridiflorum. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  7 

Leaves  acute,  thin. 

Flowers  in  terminal  clusters:  leaves  lanceolate  or  broader. 
Young  foliage  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Petals  about    %   in.   long:   flowers   rather  few    (rarely  over  20  in 

each  terminal  cluster). 
Capsule  many-seeded:  flowers  white,  fragrant  ....7.  P.  undulatum. 

Capsule  4-seeded:  flowers  greenish  yellow 8.  P.  tetraspermum. 

Petals  less  than  %  in.  long. 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  undulate:  sepals  acute. 

Erect,  with  leaves  2%  to  4  in.  long 9.  P.  eugenioides. 

Half-reclining,  with  leaves  1  in.  long....lO.  P.  heterophyllum. 

Leaves  coarsely  toothed:  sepals  obtuse 11.  P.  rhombifolium. 

Young  foliage  and  capsules  very  pubescent. 

Leaves  7  to  10  in.  long,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long  petiole  

12.    P.    hawaiiense. 

Leaves  smaller,  tapering  to  the  petiole. 

Tomentum  rusty:  leaves  2  to  3  in.  long  13.  P.  revolutum. 

Tomentum  white:  leaves  4  to  6  in.  long  14.  P.  eriocarpum. 

Flowers  axillary,  i.e.,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  leaf. 

Leaves  glabrous,  flat:  flowers  yellow  15.  P.  phillyraeoides. 

Leaves   tomentose    underneath,    margins    rolled    back:    flowers   purple 
and  yellow  16.  P.  bicolor. 

1.  P.  tenuifolium  Gaertn.    P.  nigricans  Hort. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  30  ft.,  of  symmetrical  and 
compact  growth:  bark  black:  leaves  glabrous  and  shining  when  mature, 
oblong  or  somewhat  obovate,  acute  or  rarely  obtuse,  1  to  3  in.  long,  thin 
or  almost  membranous,  the  margins  wavy:  flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf -axils 
or  rarely  fascicled:  corolla  %  to  %  in.  long,  dark  purple:  ovary  silky: 
capsule  %  in.  long,  globose,  3-valved,  glabrous  and  minutely  roughened 
when  mature.  New  Zealand. 

One  of  the  best  sorts  for  mass  planting  and  for  hedges  in 
California.  Its  clean,  thrifty  growth  makes  it  desirable  for 
planting  near  houses  and  especially  for  screening  undesirable 
views.  An  occasional  judicious  pruning  is  necessary  in  order 
to  get  a  good  foliage  effect  and  to  hide  the  stems. 

A  yellow-flowered  form  of  this  species  has  just  been  discov- 
ered in  Berkeley  by  Miss  Katherine  Jones.  It  is  represented 
by  but  two  shrubs  growing  in  a  row  of  normal  black-flowered 
plants,  and  no  other  difference  can  be  detected.  It  will  be 
further  studied  and  propagated  for  distribution,  since  the  yellow 
flowers  render  it  more  attractive  than  the  ordinary  sort.  Mr. 
T.  F.  Cheeseman,  who  has  made  a  careful  study  of  the  New 
Zealand  species,  writes  that  although  he  has  not  known  P.  tenui- 


8  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

folium  to  produce  yellow  flowers,  he  has  noted  this  variation  in 
other  dark-flowered  species.  He  has,  therefore,  no  hesitancy  in 
referring  our  yellow-flowered  form  to  P.  tenuifolium. 

2.  P.  crassifolium  Soland.    KARO. 

A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  15  to  30  ft.  high,  with  erect  branches:  bark 
dark  brown  or  black:  branchlets,  petioles,  lower  surface  of  leaves,  inflores- 
cence, and  ovaries  all  densely  clothed  with  a  white  or  buff  downy  pubes- 
cence: leaves  2  to  3  in.  long,  narrow-obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  much 
narrowed  to  the  short  stout  petiole,  very  leathery,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  the  margins  recurved:  flowers  in  clusters  terminating  the  branch- 
lets:  petals  %  in.  long  including  the  recurved  tips,  nearly  black:  fruiting 
peduncle  stout,  recurved:  mature  capsule  subglobose,  %  to  l1^  in.  long, 
short-hairy,  with  very  thick  woody  valves.  New  Zealand.  Illustrations: 
Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  5978  (wrongly  colored)  ;  Kirk,  Forest  Fl.  N.  Z.,  pi.  14;  Gard. 
Chron.,  ser.  3,  xxx,  fig.  130. 

Too  coarse  and  rigid  for  ordinary  yard  planting  unless  fre- 
quently pruned  back,  but  with  care  it  may  be  made  to  assume 
a  rounded,  bushy  form  which  is  very  pleasing.  Suitable  for 
windbreaks  and  shelter  near  the  sea.  In  New  Zealand  (where 
a  yellow-flowered  form  occurs)  it  is  said  to  resist  the  fiercest 
gales  and  to  grow  even  where  washed  by  salt  spray.  The  wood 
is  white  and  tough,  used  for  inlaid  work,  and  is  difficult  of 
combustion. 

3.  P.  Ralphii  T.  Kirk. 

A  loosely  branched  shrub  8  to  15  ft.  high:  leaves  spreading,  2  to  5 
in.  long,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  the  margins  not  recurved:  petioles 
and  peduncles  rather  slender:  capsule  %  in.  long,  broadly  ovoid,  pubes- 
cent. New  Zealand.  Illustration:  Gard.  Chron.,  xxvi,  fig.  72  (probably 
this). 

Rare  in  cultivation.  I  have  seen  one  specimen  on  the  Hale 
grounds,  Santa  Barbara,  imported  through  the  Brisbane  Botanic 
Gardens.  It  is  more  thrifty  and  apparently  of  better  habit  than 
P.  crassifolium.  P.  Ralphii  differs  from  that  species  in  that 
"the  leaves  are  much  larger,  oblong,  not  gradually  narrowed 
into  the  petiole,  and  the  margins  are  flat,  not  recurved,  while 
the  capsules  are  much  smaller"  (Cheeseman).  The  Santa  Bar- 
bara plant  bears  out  this  statement  except  that  the  leaves  are 
narrowed  to  the  petiole. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  9 

4.  P.  Fairchildii  Cheesem. 

A  compact  round-topped  shrub  8  to  15  ft.  high;  leaves  2  to  3  in.  long, 
obovate  to  elliptic-oblong,  broader  than  in  no.  2,  glabrous  when  mature, 
the  margins  flat:  capsule  %  to  1  in.  long,  becoming  glabrous  when  half- 
grown:  otherwise  like  P.  crassifolium.  New  Zealand. 

This  species  has  not  yet  made  its  appearance  here,  but  is 
certain  to  be  introduced  from  New  Zealand,  where  it  is  grown 
in  gardens.  More  graceful  and  compact  than  P.  crassifolium 
and  perhaps  better  suited  to  general  planting. 

5.  P.  Tobira  Ait.    TOBIRA.    JAPANESE  PITTOSPORUM. 

A  large  spreading  shrub  with  shining  dark-green  or  variegated 
foliage:  bark  gray:  leaves  2  to  3%  in.  long,  1  to  1%  in.  wide,  obovate 
and  very  obtuse,  gradually  tapering  to  the  short  petiole,  thick  and 
leathery,  the  margins  recurved,  perfectly  glabrous:  flowers  in  terminal 
umbels,  fragrant:  corolla  %  in.  long,  white  or  rarely  yellowish:  capsule 
%  in.  long,  ovoid,  3-  or  4-angled,  densely  short-hairy,  tipped  with  the 
persistent  style.  China  and  Japan.  Var.  variegatum  Hort.  has  the  leaves 
(often  thinner)  variegated  with  white.  Illustrations:  Bot.  Mag.,  pi. 
1396;  Nicholson,  iii,  fig.  193  (pot  plant);  Bailey,  fig.  1837;  Engler  & 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pfl.,  iii,  2a,  fig.  62. 

Especially  valuable  because  of  its  deep-green  foliage  and 
abundant  fragrant  flowers,  these  latter  resembling  orange  blos- 
soms, both  in  appearance  and  odor.  Suitable  for  lawns  and 
shrubberies  rather  than  for  hedges.  Dr.  Franceschi  states  that 
it  withstands  violent  saline  winds  better  than  most  other  shrubs 
and  is  therefore  adapted  to  seashore  planting. 

6.  P.   viridiflorum   Sims.     P.   sinense   Desf.      GREEN-FLOWERED 

PITTOSPOR,UM. 

Much  like  P.  Tobira  but  becoming  larger,  more  tree-like  and  with 
smaller  greenish  and  yellow  flowers  in  dense  compound  clusters:  ripe 
capsule  subglobose,  * '  glabrous,  as  large  as  a  pea,  2-  to  6-seeded. ' '  South 
Africa.  Illustrations:  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  1684;  Nicholson,  iii,  fig.  194. 

Very  rare  as  yet  in  California  gardens  but  one  of  the  best 
of  the  larger  Pittosporums.  A  magnificent  specimen  in  Santa 
Barbara,  remarkable  for  its  graceful  habit  and  lively-green, 
glossy  foliage,  is  25  feet  high,  the  trunk  10  inches  in  diameter. 
The  very  fragrant  flowers  are  borne  profusely  during  the  winter 
and  spring  months  but  the  tree  sets  no  fruits,  perhaps  owing  to 
the  absence  of  pollen  from  other  trees. 


10  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  4 

7.  P.  undulatum  Vent.    VICTORIAN  Box. 

Normally  a  tree,  attaining  40  ft.  or  more,  commonly  pruned  as  a 
shrub  in  cultivation,  with  rich  deep-green  dense  foliage:  bark  gray: 
leaves  3  to  5  in.  long,  1  or  2  in.  broad,  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  coriaceous 
and  shining,  crowded  on  the  branchlets,  glabrous,  entire,  wavy-margined 
or  flat:  flowers  rarely  more  than  20  in  the  compound  terminal  cluster, 
fragrant  at  night:  sepals  more  than  %  as  long  as  corolla,  tapering  to  a 
slender  tip:  corolla  white,  about  %  in.  long:  capsule  barely  %  in.  long, 
nearly  globose,  smooth,  many-seeded.  Australia.  Illustrations:  Bot. 
Eeg.,  i,  16;  Bailey,  fig.  1836. 

Very  suitable  for  large  hedges  where  a  dense  foliage  effect 
is  desired;  stands  pruning  well,  and  so  can  be  kept  low,  but 
a  much  greater  breadth  will  be  necessary  than  if  P.  eugenioides 
is  used.  Blossoms  with  us  from  January  to  July,  the  rich 
jasmine-like  odor,  particularly  noticeable  on  quiet  evenings, 
making  it  suitable  for  planting  in  small  groups  or  for  individual 
bushes  near  summer  houses,  dining  porches,  and  the  like.  It  is 
also  recommended  as  an  avenue  tree  for  southern  California 
where,  with  plenty  of  room  and  careful  pruning  from  beneath, 
it  attains  stately  dimensions. 

8.  P.  tetraspermum  Wight  &  Arn.    MADRAS  PITTOSPORUM. 

A  large  shrub:  leaves  2  to  4  in.  long,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  very  acute, 
coriaceous,  glabrous,  the  margin  obscurely  wavy:  flowers  in  a  terminal 
cluster:  sepals  minute,  tapering  to  a  slender  tip:  corolla  yellowish:  cap- 
sule nearly  globose,  glabrous,  only  4-seeded.  India.  Illustration:  Wight, 
Icon.,  iii,  pi.  971. 

Introduced  in  1897  by  Dr.  Franceschi,  but  since  lost. 

9.  P.  eugenioides  A.  Cunn.    TARATA. 

A  small  branching  round-headed  tree,  20  to  40  ft.  high  in  its  native 
habitat;  a  tall  shrub  or  slender  open  tree  in  cultivation,  the  rather  sparse 
and  glossy  foliage  of  a  very  light-green  color:  bark  nearly  white  on  the 
old  branches,  pale  brown  on  the  twigs:  leaves  2  to  4  in.  long,  %  to  1^ 
in.  wide,  elliptic-oblong,  acute,  often  conspicuously  wavy-margined:  flow- 
ers numerous  in  a  branched  terminal  cluster:  sepals  minute,  obtuse: 
corolla  yellowish,  under  %  in.  long:  capsule  rather  more  than  ^4  in-  long? 
ovoid,  pointed  at  each  end,  2-  to  4-ribbed,  glabrous  when  mature.  New 
Zealand.  Illustration:  Kirk,  Forest  Fl.  N.  Z.,  pi.  49. 

The  most  extensively  cultivated  species  in  California,  a  fa- 
vorite because  of  its  hardiness  and  the  yellowish  green  color  of 
the  foliage.  Its  slender  habit  and  cheerful  appearance  renders 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  11 

it  especially  valuable  where  something  is  needed  to  relieve  the 
somber  appearance  of  our  ordinary  dark-green  shrubbery. 
When  grown  for  hedges  the  plants  should  be  set  not  more  than 
three  feet  apart  and  the  lateral  branches  clipped  back  occa- 
sionally; in  a  few  years  it  may  be  trimmed  to  a  narrow  hedge. 
The  fragrance,  said  to  be  very  noticeable  in  wild  trees,  seems 
to  be  lost  in  cultivation.  "The  wood  is  white,  tough,  elastic, 
and  of  considerable  strength,  but  soon  perishes  when  exposed. 
It  is  frequently  used  by  the  wood-turner"  (Kirk). 

10.  P.  heterophyllum  Franch. 

A  low,  half-reclining  shrub  or  low  hedge  plant  with  light-green  foli- 
age: leaves  1  or  2  in.  long,  %  to  1  in.  broad,  lance-shaped  or  ovate, 
tapering  to  both  ends  but  nearly  sessile,  entire,  glabrous:  flowers  few  in 
simple  clusters  terminating  short  branchlets,  the  peduncles  only  very 
rarely  divided:  corolla  light  yellow,  about  ^  in.  long:  capsule  barely 
%  in.  long,  globose,  minutely  pubescent  when  half-grown,  glabrous  at 
maturity.  Western  China. 

Introduced  by  Dr.  Franceschi  in  1908,  his  specimens  with 
small  ovate  leaves.  In  China  the  leaves  are  extremely  variable 
in  size  and  shape,  even  on  the  same  branch.  Dr.  Franceschi 
recommends  it  for  large  rockeries  and  embankments,  and  states 
that  it  is  drought  resistant. 

11.  P.  rhombifolium  A.  Cunn.    QUEENSLAND  PITTOSPORUM. 

A  tree  of  pryamidal  growth,  said  to  reach  60  to  80  ft.  in  height: 
leaves  3  to  4  in.  long,  1  or  2  in.  wide,  rhomboid,  being  broadest  in  the 
middle  and  tapering  to  each  end,  acuminate,  coarsely  and  irregularly 
toothed,  glabrous:  flowers  numerous  in  a  wide  compound  terminal  cluster: 
sepals  rather  obtuse,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  this  y8  to  ^4 
in.  long  and  white:  capsule  berry-like,  %  in.  long,  nearly  globose,  tipped 
by  the  persistent  style  and  rounded  to  a  short-columnar  base,  passing 
from  green  through  lemon  color  to  bright  orange-yellow,  glabrous.  Aus- 
tralia. Illustration:  Hooker,  Icon.,  pi.  621. 

Little  known  in  California  but  one  of  the  very  best  sorts. 
Sometimes  grown  as  a  pot  plant,  in  which  case  it  remains  small, 
and  serviceable  when  young  as  a  shrub,  since  it  flowers  when 
only  5  or  6  feet  high,  but  most  valuable  for  avenue  planting  and 
as  a  specimen  tree  for  lawns  and  yards.  Its  central  shaft  gives 
it  an  erect  habit,  the  foliage  is  clean  and  thrifty,  the  flowers  not 
very  showy  and  rather  faintly  odorous,  the  bright-yellow  berries 


12  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

very  conspicuous  and  the  most  pleasing  feature  of  the  tree.  The 
flowers-  appear  in  June  and  July  and  the  berries  persist  through 
the  autumn  and  winter.  These  berries  contain  but  few  fertile 
seeds,  although  there  is  a  small  spring  crop  in  which  the  per- 
centage of  viability  is  greater.  This  species  is  also  propagated 
by  cuttings.  Specimens  may  be  seen  at  the  Gould  place,  Monte- 
cito;  the  Sexton  place,  Goleta;  at  Soldiers  Home  near  Los  An- 
geles ;  and  at  the  Fowler  place,  Pasadena. 

12.  P.  hawaiiense  Hilleb. 

A  small  tree  12  to  15  ft.  high,  with  few  branches:  leaves  of  the 
largest,  being  7  to  10  in.  long  and  2  to  3  in.  wide,  acute,  thick,  slightly 
hairy*  beneath  when  young  or  even  silvery  white  in  one  form,  entire: 
flowers  in  terminal  clusters:  corolla  cream  color:  ovary  tomentose:  cap- 
sule 1  in.  long,  probably  globose,  rough.  Hawaii. 

Introduced  by  Dr.  Franceschi  in  1907.  A  promising  Pitto- 
sporum  but  probably  tender  and  not  very  well  known. 

13.  P.  revolutum  Ait. 

A  tall  shrub,  the  young  branchlets  and  petioles  and  the  flower-stalks 
covered  with  short  rusty  hairs:  leaves  2  to  3  or  4  in.  long,  1  to  1^>  in. 
wide,  elliptic,  narrowed  to  each  end,  entire  or  slightly  wavy-margined, 
glabrous  above  when  mature,  rusty-pubescent  underneath,  crowded  to- 
wards the  ends  of  the  branchlets:  flower-clusters  terminal,  rarely  a  few 
in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves:  sepals  with  very  slender  tips:  petals  y>  in. 
long  or  rather  more,  pale  yellow,  often  united  part  way  to  form  a  cup- 
shaped  corolla,  the  free  tips  recurved:  ovary  very  hairy:  capsule  %  to 
%  in.  long,  with  numerous  red  or  brown  seeds.  Australia.  Illustration: 
Bot.  Eeg.,  iii,  pi.  186. 

Grown  in  England  as  a  greenhouse  shrub  but  flourishes  out 
of  doors  at  Berkeley.  Not  particularly  desirable  except  in  col- 
lections. 

14.  P.  eriocarpum  Eoyle. 

A  large  bush  or  widely  spreading  bushy  tree  10  to  20  ft.  high,  with 
light-green  foliage  and  light-gray  bark:  leaves  4  to  6  in.  long,  1%  to 
2%  in.  wide,  elliptic  or  oblong,  narrowed  to  each  end,  the  margins  either 
minutely  wavy  or  flat,  tomentose  when  young,  becoming  smooth  at  least 
above  in  age:  flowers  numerous  in  an  oblong  terminal  raceme,  very 
fragrant,  their  stems  densely  white-tomentose:  sepals  small,  acute:  petals 
yellow,  somewhat  exceeding  %  in.,  forming  a  tubular  corolla,  the  tips 
recurved:  ovary  very  hairy:  capsule  %  in. .long,  nearly  globose,  rough 
but  nearly  glabrous.  Himalayas.  Illustration:  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  7473. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  13 

So  far  as  I  know  there  are  but  two  specimens  of  this  species 
in  California,  one  at  the  Gillespie  place,  Montecito,  one  in 
Elysian  Park,  Los  Angeles.  Both  are  noble  examples  and  should 
incite  to  further  planting.  Where  a  mass  of  light-colored  foliage 
is  desired  nothing  could  be  more  effective  and  the  fragrance  of 
the  banana-scented  flowers  is  very  pleasing. 

15.  P.  phillyraeoides  DC.    NARROW-LEAVED  PITTOSPORUM. 

A  graceful  tree  with  habit  of  the  weeping  willow  but  evergreen,  20 
ft.  or  more  high,  the  bark  smooth  and  gray  on  the  branches,  becoming 
checked  on  the  trunk:  leaves  light  green,  2  to  S1/^  in.  long,  about  *4  in- 
wide,  linear,  tapering  to  the  base,  acuminate  and  the  slender  tips  re- 
curved, entire,  equally  distributed  over  the  slender  pendant  twigs,  gla- 
brous: flowers  fragrant,  pediceled,  solitary  in  the  leaf -axils  (several  in 
each  axil  in  some  Australian  specimens),  the  tube  ^4  in.  long  and  the 
recurved  portion  %  in.,  yellow:  sepals  minute:  capsule  about  %  in.  long, 
oval,  compressed,  the  base  somewhat  heart-shaped,  yellow,  the  surface 
granular.  Australian  deserts.  Illustrations:  PI.  1;  Maiden,  Forest  Fl. 
N.  S.  W.,  pi.  4. 

This  remarkable  tree  was  introduced  perhaps  in  the  seventies 
but  its  value  has  been  appreciated  only  within  the  last  year  or 
two.  Eminently  adapted  to  dry  places  and  should  be  tried  in 
our  desert  country,  where,  however,  it  cannot  be  expected  to 
reach  the  size  attained  in  the  coast  counties.  The  foliage  is  too 
sparse  for  a  good  shade  tree  but  its  slender,  pendant  branches 
recommend  it  as  a  substitute  for  the  weeping  willow,  where  an 
evergreen  is  desired.  Propagation  from  seeds  is  effected  with 
some  difficulty  in  California,  but  young  plants  are  now  offered 
by  several  of  the  nurseries  at  Santa  Barbara  and  Goleta.  The 
abundant  root  suckers  may  be  transplanted  if  one  goes  to  a 
considerable  depth  in  digging  them,  for  this  tree  is  deep-rooted. 
In  Australia  a  sort  of  bread  is  prepared  from  the  pulverized 
seeds  and  the  leaves  are  browsed  by  live  stock. 

16.  P.  bicolor  Hook. 

A'  small  tree,  sometimes  40  ft.  high  in  its  native  habitat,  sometimes 
only  a  bush,  the  young  twigs  hoary  or  rusty  with  a  close  tomentum: 
leaves  1  or  2  in.  long,  about  %  in.  wide,  linear,  acute,  entire  but  the 
margins  rolled  back,  glabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath:  flowers  solitary 
or  several  in  the  leaf -axils:  petals  y2  in.  long,  spreading  or  recurved 
above,  yellow  and  purple:  ovary  very  hairy:  capsules  rounded,  red  and 
berry-like,  ' '  about  the  size  of  peas, ' '  somewhat  compressed.  Australia. 

Rare  in  cultivation;  once  grown  at  Lincoln  Park,  Oakland. 
Hardy  in  southern  England. 


14  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  4 


HAKEAS   CULTIVATED   IN   CALIFORNIA. 

The  Hakeas  are  all  evergreen  shrubs  and  natives  of  Australia, 
where  about  one  hundred  species  are  known.  Those  so  far 
introduced  into  California,  eleven  in  number,  are  here  grown 
exclusively  for  ornamental  purposes,  although  several  of  them 
(particularly  H.  suaveolens  and  H.  gibbosa)  could  be  used  to 
advantage  as  a  chaparral  covering  for  many  of  our  lower  moun- 
tains and  foothills.  These  species  are  quite  hardy,  require 
neither  abundant  moisture  nor  cultivation,  and,  through  their 
rigid,  spiny  foliage,  are  well  protected  from  animals. 

The  ornamental  value  of  Hakea  lies  .chiefly  in  its  foliage. 
This  is  exceptionally  beautiful  in  the  broad-leaved  H.  elliptica, 
where  the  new  growth  is  of  a  most  beautiful  bronze  color,  or  in 
some  lights  almost  golden.  It  is  a  very  satisfactory  subject  for 
lawn  or  yard  planting  where  something  aside  from  the  usual 
dull  green  is  desired.  H.  nitida  with  its  holly-like,  bright-green 
leaves  is  also  to  be  considered  in  this  connection,  while  if  a  pale 
green  is  desired  H.  undulata  should  be  chosen.  The  last  three 
species  treated  in  this  paper  are  also  grown  for  their  foliage 
but  should  be  used  only  where  a  rigid  effect  is  desired  or  as  a 
hedge  impenetrable  to  animals  and  pedestrians. 

The  only  species  with  showy  flowers,  so  far  as  our  forms  are 
concerned,  is  H.  laurina,  and  even  here  our  interest  is  aroused 
more  by  the  oddity  of  the  flower  than  by  its  beauty.  The 
abundant  scarlet  balls  of  flowers  emitting  the  long  golden  styles 
are  sometimes  two  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter  and  render 
this  a  most  striking  shrub,  so  much  so  that  in  Italy  it  has  been 
referred  to  as  "the  glory  of  the  gardens  of  the  Riviera."  The 
remaining  species  have  mostly  smaller  white  flowers. 

Botanical  Description  of  Hakea  (Family  Proteaceae) .. 

Australian  evergreen  shrubs  with  alternate  ex-stipulate  leaves  of 
diversified  shape,  being  flat  and  broad  in  some  species  (and  then  either 
entire  or  merely  toothed),  terete  in  others  (and  then  either  simple  and 
entire  or  pinnately  parted).  Pubescence  mostly  of  appressed  hairs  at- 
tached by  the  middle,  or  the  plant  glabrous.  Flowers  in  pairs,  the  pairs- 
commonly  crowded  in  close  racemes  or  globose  clusters  which  are  mostly 
sessile  in  the  leaf-axils.  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  slender,  usually 
recurved  under  the  limb  which  is  mostly  globular,  the  4  lobes  cohering 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  15 

long  after  the  tube  has  opened.  Anthers  sessile  in  the  base  of  the  coii- 
cave  perianth-lobes.  Ovary  stipitate  or  nearly  sessile.  Style  either  long 
and  protruding  or  short,  dilated  at  the  end.  Fruit  a  hard  woody  cap- 
sule, opening  in  2  valves.  Seeds  2,  compressed,  winged  above,  the  wings 
sometimes  continued  down  the  sides. 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Hakea  grown  in  California. 

A.  Leaves  mostly  l/2  in.  or  more  wide  (narrower  only  in  H.  saligna). 
Margins  of  leaves  entire  and  flat. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined,  or  the  veins  obscure:  flowers  white. 

Foliage  pale:  leaves  entire,  obtuse,  callous-tipped:  corolla  recurved 

1.   H.   saligna. 

Foliage    bright    green:    leaves    sometimes    toothed,    sharp-pointed: 

corolla  straight  2.  H.  nitida. 

Leaves  parallel- veined:  flowers  crimson. 

Veins  3  to  7:  flower-clusters  globular:  capsule  %  in.  or  more  broad 

3.   H.    laurina. 

Veins  numerous:  flower-clusters  oblong:  capsule  1/2  in.  broad  

4.  H.  multilineata. 

Margins  of  leaves  wavy  (undulate}. 

Leaves  veinless  or  obscurely  feather-veined  2.  H.  nitida. 

Leaves  several-nerved  from  the  base  and  with  numerous  cross-veinlets. 

Margins  merely  wavy;  petiole  short  or  none  5.  H.  elliptica. 

Margins  wavy  and  prickle-toothed  6.  H.  undulata. 

B.  Leaves  terete   or  very  narrowly  linear,   seldom   yg  in.  wide,   sharp- 
pointed. 

Veins  several,  parallel:  leaves  flat,  about  %  in.  wide  7.  H.  ulicina. 

Veins  wanting:  leaves  terete. 

Leaves  thick,  mostly  pinnately  parted  and  the  lobes  terete  

: 8.  H.  suaveolens. 

Leaves  slender,  entire. 

Corolla  glabrous:1  capsule  ovate,  %  in.  or  more  thick. 

Young  branches  glabrous:  capsule  %  to  %  in.  thick  

9.  H.  acicularis. 

Young  branches  hairy:  capsule  %  to  1  in.  thick. ...10.  H.  gibbosa. 
Corolla    pubescent:    capsule    lanceolate,    slenderly    pointed,    %    in- 
thick  11.  H.  pugioniformis. 

1.  H.  saligna  Knight. 

A  pale  or  grayish  bushy  shrub  (attaining  7  ft.  at  Santa  Barbara), 
glabrous  or  the  young  shoots  slightly  silky:  leaves  oblong  or  lance- 
shaped,  3  to  4  or  6  in.  long,  obtuse  but  usually  with  a  minute  callous 
tip,  tapering  at  base  to  a  short  petiole,  veins  sometimes  obscure  but 
usually  at  least  a  medial  and  several  oblique  lateral  veins  more  or  less 


1  In  using  this  character,  care  must  be  exercised  in  distinguishing  be- 
tween the  corolla  proper  and  the  pedicel,  which  is  also  white.  The  pedicel 
is  pubescent  in  numbers  9,  10,  and  11,  but  the  corolla  is  pubescent  only  in 
the  last. 


16 


University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  4 


prominent:  flower-clusters  small,  dense,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves:  corolla  glabrous,  strongly  recurved:  capsule  about  1  in.  long,  ~y2 
to  %  in.  broad,  with  a  short  incurved  beak,  somewhat  rough,  sometimes 
covered  with  conspicuous  tubercles.  Illustration:  Fig.  1. 

This  makes  a  good  foliage  plant  but  has  no  special  character 
for  which  it  can  be  recommended ;  seldom  planted. 


Fig.  1. — Hakea  saligna. 


2.  H.  nitida  R.  Br. 


A  large  shrub  with  glabrous  and  bright-green  dense  foliage:  leaves 
oblong  or  narrowly  obovate,  1%  to  3  or  4  in.  long;  either  entire,  obtuse, 
and  with  a  small  sharp  tip,  or  with  a  few  prickly  teeth,  acute,  and  sharp- 
pointed;  thick  and  veinless  or  obscurely  feather- veined:  flower-clusters 
white,  conspicuously  stalked  in  the  leaf -axils:  corolla  glabrous,  straight: 
capsule  1  in.  or  more  long,  %  in.  broad,  with  a  conical  horn  near  the  end  of 
one  or  both  of  the  valves,  smooth.  Illustrations :  Fig.  2 ;  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  2246 / 


Fig.  2. — Hakea  nitida. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs. 


17 


One  of  the  earliest  species  introduced  into  England  (where 
protection  from  frost  is  necessary).  Presumably  also  grown  in 
California,  although  no  plants  can  now  be  located.  The  pleas- 
ing green  foliage,  suggestive  of  holly-leaves,  may  render  it  de- 
sirable. 

3.  H.  laurina  R.  Br.    H.  eucalyptoides  Meissn. 

A  tall  shrub,  attaining  in  Australia  to  30  ft.  and  tree-like:  branchlets 
gray  with  a  minute  pubescence  or  reddish  and  quite  glabrous;  foliage 
rusty  pubescent  when  young  but  soon  glabrous:  leaves  elliptic  or  lanceo- 
late, narrowed  to  the  apex  which  is  either  acute  or  obtuse,  tapering  to 
the  petiole,  often  sickle-shaped,  5  or  6  in.  long,  %  to  1  in.  wide;  with 
mostly  5  or  7  parallel  veins  from  the  base  and  these  sometimes  giving 
off  a  few  obscure  secondary  veinlets:  flowers  crimson,  very  numerous,  in 
dense  globular  clusters  sessile  in  the  leaf -axils:  capsule  ovoid,  short- 
beaked,  about  li/4  in.  long  by  %  in.  broad,  nearly  smooth.  Illustrations: 
Fig.  3;  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  7127. 

A  very  vigorous  and  striking  sort  with  showy  crimson  flower- 
clusters  from  which  protrude  the  long  golden-yellow  styles.  Per- 
haps the  best  for  dry  hillsides  where  a  chaparral  covering  is 
desired.  Known  on  the  Riviera  as  "Sea  Urchin." 


Tig.  3. — Hakea  laurina. 


Fig.  4. — HaTcea  elliptica. 


18  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

4.  H.  multilineata  Meissn. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  resembling  H.  laurina:  leaves  narrow  and  6  to 
8  in.  long,  or  broader  and  only  3  to  5  in.  long,  striate  with  numerous 
parallel  nerves:  flower-clusters  oblong,  1  to  3  in.  long,  sessile  in  the  leaf- 
axils,  carmine  in  the  center,  fading  to  pale  pink  at  the  tips  of  the  styles: 
capsule  ovoid-globular  with  a  very  short  beak,  about  %  in.  broad.  Illus- 
tration: Gard.  Chron.,  ser.  3,  xix,  fig.  14  (var.). 

This  has  been  reported  from  California  gardens  but  all  of 
the  specimens  seen  were  found  to  be  H.  laurina. 

5.  H.  elliptica  R.  Br. 

A  neat  erect  shrub  6  to  10  ft.  high:  old  herbage  pale  and  glabrous 
but  young  twigs  and  leaves  bronzed  with  a  rich  rusty  pubescence:  leaves 
oval  -or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  with  a  small  callous  point,  nearly  or  quite 
sessile,  2  to  3%  in.  long,  1  to  1*4  in.  wide,  wavy-margined;  the  5  to  7 
parallel  veins  conspicuous  on  both  sides  and  connected  by  numerous  vein- 
lets  (reticulate):  flower-clusters  globose,  sessile  in  the  leaf -axils:  capsule 
ovoid,  with  a  stout  oblique  beak,  1  to  1^4  in.  long,  %  in.  broad,  usually 
smooth.  Illustration:  Fig.  4. 

This  is  the  best  sort  so  far  tried  for  general  lawn  and  shrub- 
bery planting,  because  of  its  sturdy  growth,  compact  habit,  and 
especially  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  its  young  foliage.  The 
rich  bronze  color  of  the  young  shoots  is  equalled,  so  far  as  I 
know,  only  in  certain  rare  species  of  Roupala  (see  p.  44). 

6.  H.  undulata  R.  Br. 

An  erect  shrub  6  to  8  ft.  high:  young  shoots  rusty-tomentose,  the 
adult  foliage  glabrous:  leaves  obovate,  oblong,  or  rarely  lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, tapering  to  a  conspicuous  petiole,  2  to  4  in.  long,  the  margins  wavy 
and  sharply  toothed;  parallel  nerves  3  or  5,  connected  by  many  cross 
veinlets:  flowers  in  sessile  clusters:  capsule  recurved  at  the  base,  dis- 
tinctly beaked,  1  to  1%  in.  long,  %  to  %  in.  broad,  rather  rough.  Illus- 
trations: Fig.  5;  Hooker,  Icon.,  pi.  447. 

Reported  from  California  but  I  know  of  no  specimens  grow- 
ing in  the  state. 

V 

7.  H.  ulicina  R.  Br. 

A  tall  shrub  with  erect  branches  and  dense  foliage  not  unlike  that 
of  the  Furze,  or  Gorse:  twigs  reddish,  usually  pubescent  when  young: 
leaves  (glabrous  at  maturity)  all  narrowly  linear,  flat,  acute  and  sharp- 
pointed,  entire,  varying  in  length  from  1  to  8  in.,  very  rarely  over  y8 
in.  wide,  prominently  1-  to  3-nerved  underneath:  flowers  very  small,  the 
pedicels  and  corolla  glabrous:  capsule  rarely  over  %  in.  long,  with  a 
short  straight  beak.  Illustration:  Fig.  6. 

Perhaps  not  yet  grown  in  California. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  19 

8.  H.  suaveolens  R.  Br.    II.  pectinata  Colla. 

A  dense  rounded  shrub  becoming  8  to  10  ft.  high  in  California: 
young  shoots  and  foliage  silky  pubescent  but  glabrous  at  maturity: 
leaves  2  to  4  in.  long,  about  y±Q  in.  thick,  cylindric,  with  a  rigid  spine- 
like  tip,  narrowly  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  occasionally  entire  but 
usually  branched  into  1  to  5  rigid  cylindric  lobes  of  various  lengths: 
pedicels  and  perianth  glabrous:  flowers  white,  fragrant:  capsule  ovoid, 
about  1  in.  long  and  %  in.  broad,  narrowed  at  apex  and  with  a  small 
conical  horn  near  the  end  of  one  or  both  the  valves.  Illustration:  Fig.  7. 

This  is  perhaps  the  most  common  of  all  the  cultivated  Hakeas. 
It  is  easily  grown,  endures  drought,  and,  by  means  of  its  spiny 


Fig.  5. — Hakea  undulata.  Fig.  6. — HaJcea  ulicina. 

foliage,  resists  the  depredations  of  animals  and  vandals.  For 
public  parks,  depot  grounds,  and  the  like,  no  shrub  could  be 
selected  which  would  be  better  able  to  care  for  itself,  and  it  is 
eminently  adapted  to  planting  where  an  impenetrable  hedge  is 
desired.  In  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Barbara,  it  grows  without 
care  or  irrigation  on  the  dry  hillsides  and  would  undoubtedly 
make  an  excellent  chaparral  covering  for  many  of  our  mountain 
slopes. 

9.  H.  acicularis  R.  Br. 

A  tall  shrub  or  (in  Australia)  a  small  bushy  tree:  twigs  and  young 
leaves  sometimes  minutely  pubescent,  glabrous  when  mature:  leaves  very 
slenderly  cylindric,  rigid,  awl-like  at  the  sharp  tip,  entire  and  simple, 
not  grooved,  mostly  about  2  in.  long  (1  to  3  in.)  :  pedicels  silky-pubescent: 
corolla  glabrous:  capsule  ovoid,  about  1  in.  long  and  %  in*  °r  rather 
more  broad,  rough,  contracted  to  a  thick  beak,  each  valve  with  a  conic 
brown  horn  near  the  apex. 

Suitable  for  hedges  and  for  shrubberies.  More  slender  than 
H.  suaveolens. 


20 


University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 


10.  H.  gibbosa  Cav. 

A  broad  shrub,  becoming  6  to  8  ft.  high:  twigs  and  young  leaves 
hirsute  with  short  spreading  hairs:  leaves  cylindric,  rigid,  smooth,  simple 
and  entire,  sharply  pointed,  1  to  3  in.  long:  pedicels  densely  pubescent: 
corolla  glabrous:  capsule  ovoid,  oblique,  about  1^  in.  long,  nearly  1  in. 
broad,  rough,  abruptly  contracted  to  a  short  oblique  beak,  each  valve 
with  a  small  dorsal  horn  near  the  apex.  Illustrations:  Fig.  8;  Cav.,  Icon., 
pi.  534;  Bot.  Cook's  First  Voy.,  pi.  266. 

Grown  on  the  University  grounds  at  Berkeley,  a  specimen 
determined  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Maiden.  Probably  also  elsewhere  in 
the  state  but  under  erroneous  names.  More  slender  than  H. 
suaveolens  and  better  suited  to  small  private  grounds;  almost 
equally  as  resistant  to  abuse,  and  should  be  tried  with  that 
species  in  reforestation  experiments. 


Fig.  7. — Hakea  suaveolens. 


Fig.  8. — Hakea  gil)~bosa. 


11.  H.  pugioniformis  Cav. 

A  shrub  with  the  habit,  foliage,  and  general  characters  of  H.  gibbosa, 
from  which  it  differs  as  follows:  Corolla  pubescent:  style  long,  the  disk 
nearly  straight:  capsule  much  more  slender,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about 
1  in.  long  and  *4  in.  broad,  rough  around  the  middle  with  an  obliquely 
transverse  prominent  crest,  each  valve  tapering  to  a  slender  point. 
Illustrations :  Cav.,  Icon.,  pi.  533 ;  Bot.  CooTc  's  First  Voy.,  pi.  265. 

Grown  at  Santa  Barbara,  according  to  Dr.  Franceschi,  who 
says  that  it  is  an  odd  plant,  which  at  a  distance  looks  like  a 
small  pine.  Some  plants  found  under  this  name  in  the  trade 
belong  to  H.  suaveolens,  a  species  easily  distinguished  by  the 
mostly  branched  leaves  and  much  thicker  capsules. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  21 


THE  BOTTLE-BRUSH  GROUP  OF  ORNAMENTALS. 

Bottle-brushes  are  eminently  adapted  to  shrubbery  and  orna- 
mental planting  in  California.  They  are  rapid  growers,  hardy, 
endure  considerable  drought  and  abuse,  and  many  of  them  are 
among  the  most  showy  of  our  cultivated  shrubs. 

It  has  been  found,  however,  that  the  best  sorts  are  not  the 
ones  most  generally  grown  and  that  selection  must  be  made  with 
regard  to  the  surrounding  vegetation  and  to  the  particular  needs. 
It  is  also  to  be  remembered  that  what  at  first  appears  to  be  an 
undesirable  form  may  become  one  of  the  best  if  given  proper 
treatment,  especially  as  regards  pruning.  It  is  hoped  that  the 
following  notes  will  be  of  some  assistance  in  these  matters,  but 
the  chief  aim  has  been  to  give  an  account  whereby  the  different 
species  may  be  determined.  There  is  perhaps  no  group  of.  orna- 
mentals, generally  planted  in  California,  in  which  there  is  a 
greater  confusion  as  to  names,  and  the  current  horticultural 
publications  are  of  but  little  assistance. 

The  most  elaborate  account  of  this  group  is  to  be  found  in 
Bentham's  Flora  Australiensis,  and  this  work  has  formed  the 
basis  for  my  own  determinations,  aided  by  more  recent  scat- 
tered papers,  a  comparison  of  herbarium  specimens  from  Aus- 
tralia, and  certain  critical  notes  very  kindly  supplied  by  Dr. 
J.  H.  Maiden,  the  Government  Botanist  of  New  South  Wales. 

The  members  of  the  Bottle-brush  group  are  mostly  Aus- 
tralian trees  and  shrubs  belonging  to  the  Myrtle  Family  (Myr- 
taceae),  which  may  be  characterized  as  follows: 

Botanical  Description  of  the  Myrtaceae. 

Leaves  simple,  entire,  containing  oil  or  resins  which  are  mostly  fra- 
grant and  commonly  give  a  dotted  appearance  to  the  leaf:  calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  4-  or  5-toothed,  or  the  teeth  wanting:  petals  as 
many  as  the  calyx-teeth,  sometimes  wanting,  sometimes  united  into  a  cap 
and  falling  away  together:  stamens  numerous,  attached  to  a  disk  lining 
the  calyx-tube  and  above  the  ovary:  style  simple,  with  a  small  round  or 
flat  stigma:  ovary  inferior,  mostly  2-  to  several-celled,  maturing  into  a 
capsule  which  is  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube  (as  a  matter  of  convenience 
the  term  capsule  is  here  used  as  including  both  the  capsule  proper  and 
the  enclosing  persistent  calyx-tube,  the  whole  constituting  the  botanical 
" fruit"):  ovules  commonly  numerous  but  the  fertile  seeds  often  few. 


22  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

In  addition  to  the  Bottle-brush  group  there  are  a  number  of 
related  genera,  all  members  of  the  Myrtle  Family,  more  or  less 
common  in  cultivation.  Such  are  the  Eucalypti,  of  which 
something  like  100  species  are  now  grown  in  California.  There 
is  also  a  genus,  Angophora,  distinguished  from  Eucalyptus  by 
the  five  small  calyx-teeth  and  colored  petals.  Angophora  lanceo- 
lata  and  A.  intermedia,  both  with  ribbed,  turbinate  capsules,  are 
grown  here.  The  former  is  a  tree  with  smooth,  deciduous  bark, 
the  latter  is  a  tree  with  rough,  persistent  bark.  Syncarpia 
laurifolia  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  Eucalyptus  but  has  distinct 
petals  and  the  fruits  are  fused  into  a  small  head. 

.Tristania  conferta  is  a  related  tree  resembling  our  native 
Madron  e  in  general  habit.  It  has  conspicuous  flowers  with  five 
petals  each  and  the  stamens  united  into  bundles.  The  Aus- 
tralian Brush  Cherry  (Eugenia),  with  fleshy,  edible  fruits,  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Myrtaceae.  Kunzea  is  a  genus  of  slender 
heath-like  shrubs  with  small  leaves,  belonging  to  this  family  but 
seldom  seen  in  cultivation. 

Six  other  genera,  all  natives  of  Australia  and  surrounding 
regions,  are  of  especial  interest  in  California  gardens  and  parks. 
These  constitute  what  may  be  considered  the  Bottle-brush  group 
and  may  be  distinguished  by  the  following  key : 

Key  to  the  Genera. 
Anthers  attached  by  the  middle  (leaves  various:  stamens  either  united  or 

distinct). 
Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads  or  solitary  in  the  leaf -axils. 

Stamens  much  longer  than  the  petals:  flowers  in  dense  clusters. 
Filaments  not  united  or  only  slightly  united  at  the  very  base 

Callistemon  (p.  22). 

Filaments  united  into  5  clusters  Melaleuca  (p.  27). 

Stamens  shorter  than  the  petals. 

Leaves  not  1  in.  long:  flowers  not  in  close  heads,  white  

.-. Leptospermum   (p.  35) . 

Leaves  2  to  6  in.  long:  flowers  in  small  close  heads,  white  

Agonis  (p.  36). 

Flowers  in  loose  terminal  cymes  Metrosideros  (p.  36). 

Anthers    attached    by    the    base:    leaves    terete,    punctate:    stamens    red, 
united  Calothamnus   (p.  37) . 

CALLISTEMON. 

The  name  Bottle-brush  is  particularly  applicable  to  this  genus 
of  shrubs,  the  flowers  being  arranged  in  dense  cylindrical  spikes 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  23 

in  which  the  protruding  stamens  correspond  to  the  bristles  of 
a  brush  the  handle  of  which  is  represented  by  the  woody  stem. 
"Chimney-sweep"  is  another  suggestive  appellation  sometimes 
used. 

Callistemons  are  favorites  in  California  gardens  and  deserve 
to  be  even  better  known.  They  are  perfectly  hardy  with  us, 
endure  considerable  drought,  and  take  kindly  to  pruning.  In 
fact,  severe  autumn  pruning  is  essential  if  masses,  of  winter 
and  spring  bloom  are  desired.  By  this  means  the  shrubs  may 
be  kept  down  to  almost  any  desired  size,  while  with  but  little 
pruning  they  may  be  allowed  to  occupy  large  corners  or  used 
as  border  shrubs  for  wide  driveways.  They  are  especially  rec- 
ommended for  parks,  depot- grounds,  schoolyards,  cemeteries, 
and  for  large  private  grounds ;  also,  for  smaller  yards,  if  used 
in  moderation  and  kept  well  pruned.  C.  Irackyandrus  differs 
from  the  other  species  in  being  suitable  for  small  grounds  and 
is  one  of  the  very  good  shrubs  that  is  little  known.  It  is  espe- 
cially serviceable  in  adding  grace  and  airiness  to  an  otherwise 
somber  yard. 

The  propagation  of  Bottle-brushes  is  not  difficult.  Seed  is 
formed  in  abundance  and  although  only  a  small  percentage  may 
be  fertile  there  is  seldom  difficulty  in  getting  a  good  stand. 
But  seedlings  are  slow  in  reaching  the  flowering  stage  and  be- 
cause of  this  cuttings  are  commonly  used.  These  should  be 
taken  in  spring  from  ripened  wood  or  at  least  from  wood  which 
is  getting  firm  at  the  base.  Three  or  four  inches  is  about  the 
proper  length  and  propagation  is  best  affected  in  sand  under 
glass. 

The  identification  of  our  garden  forms  is  no  easy  task,  since 
there  are  several  apparent  hybrids  to  be  taken  into  account,  as 
well  as  numerous  cultivated  forms.  It  is  also  to  be  remembered 
that  among  nurserymen  this  genus  is  occasionally  united  with 
Metrosideros,  a  union  which  the  botanist  cannot  countenance. 
Since,  however,  the  species  names  under  Metrosideros  are  but 
seldom  correctly  applied,  it  would  be  as  well  for  all  interested 
to  familiarize  themselves  with  the  proper  names  under  Calli- 
stemon. 


24  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VoL-  4 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Callistemon  grown  in  California. 

A.  Stamens  %  to  1  in.  long. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  (mostly  %  in.  or  more  wide). 

Spikes    rather    loose:    leaves    with    prominent    midrib    and    lateral 

nerves   1.    C.    lanceolatus. 

Spikes  very  dense,  more  highly  colored:  leaves  thicker  and  lateral 

nerves  obscure   .— - 2.   C.   speciosus. 

Leaves  linear  (less  than  *4  in-  wide). 

Leaves  flat,  with  prominent  midrib,  feather-veined 3.  C.  rigidus. 

Leaves  channeled  above,  midrib  and  lateral  veins  obscure  

A.    C.    linearis. 

B.  Stamens  %  in.  or  less  long. 

Leaves  flat:    stamens  pale  -—5.  C.  salignus. 

Leaves  cylindric:  stamens  bright  red,  with  yellow  anthers  ... 

6.    C.    brachyandrus. 


Fig.  9. — Callistemon  lanceolatus.  Fig.  10. — Callistemon  speciosus. 

1.  C.  lanceolatus  DC.    Metrosideros  semperflorens  Lodd. 

A  tall  shrub  with  erect  or  spreading  but  seldom  curved  branches: 
leaves  lanceolate,  1^  to  2%  in.  long,  about  %  in-  wide,  sharp-pointed, 
midvein  and  lateral  nerves  prominent:  flower-clusters  2  to  4  in.  long, 
not  so  dense  as  in  the  next  species,  bright  red  (rarely  smaller  and  pale) : 
stamens  mostly  1  in.  long:  capsule  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  summit.  Illus- 
trations: Fig.  9;  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  260;  Cav.  Icon.,  pi.  332;  Bailey,  fig.  320; 
Bot.  Cook's  First  Voy.,  pi.  108;  Maiden,  Fl.  PL  and  Ferns  of  N.  S.  W., 
pi.  8. 

This  Bottle-brush  is  one  of  the  most  showy  and  has  entered 
into  several  of  the  garden  hybrids.  Although  not  so  "stiff  and 
rangy  as  C.  rigidus,  it  requires  severe  pruning  if  a  compact, 
densely  flowered  shrub  is  desired.  Seldom  becomes  more  than 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  25 

8  feet  high  in  California  but  reaches  30  feet  and  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  18  inches  in  Australia,  where  the  hard  and  heavy  wood 
is  used  for  wheelwrights'  work  and  many  implements,  such  as 
mallets. 

2.  C.  speciosus  DC. 

A  large  shrub  or  becoming  a  fair-sized  tree:  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, either  obtuse  or  acute,  1%  to  4  in.  long,  about  *4  in.  broad,  with 
prominent  midrib  as  in  C.  lanceolatus  but  the  leaf  thicker  and  the  lateral 
veins  obscure:  flowers  highly  colored,  bright  red,  in  very  dense  clusters 
(sometimes  6  in.  long  in  Australia,  much  shorter  with  us) :  stamens  1 
in.  long:  capsule  nearly  globose,  the  summit  truncate  and  but  little  con- 
tracted. Illustrations:  Fig.  10;  pi.  2;  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  1761;  Nicholson,  vol.  1, 
fig.  327. 

This  is  the  most  highly  colored  of  all  the  Callistemons,  the 
yellow  or  golden  anthers  contrasting  finely  with  the  dark-red 
filaments.  With  but  little  training  it  forms  a  graceful  shrub 
with  many  drooping  branchlets,  eventually  becoming  a  tree 
under  favorable  conditions.  One  specimen  in  Santa  Barbara, 
now  about  20  years  old,  is  35  or  40  feet  high,  and  receives  no 
care  or  irrigation.  It  has  two  blooming  periods,  the  best  being 
in  December  and  January,  but  the  second  (May- June)  again 
covers  the  tree  with  gorgeous  balls  of  color  suspended  on  slender 
pendant  twigs.  Numerous  named  cultural  forms  are  derivatives 
of  C.  speciosus,  the  differences  lying  in  varying  shades  of  color, 
habit,  and  size. 

3.  C.  rigidus  K.  Br.    C.  linearifolius  DC. 

A  stiffly  branched  shrub,  the  branches  inclined  to  be  longitudinal  or 
spreading:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rigid,  sharp-pointed,  2  to  5  in.  long, 
about  %  in.  wide,  midrib  and  marginal  ribs  prominent,  cross-nerves 
spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  or  hidden  by  numerous  oil-dots:  flower- 
clusters  deep  red,  large  (rarely  small  and  pale) :  stamens  1  in.  or  more 
long.  Illustrations:  Fig.  11;  Bot.  Eeg.,  pi.  393;  Bot.  Cook's  First  Voy., 
pi.  109. 

Perhaps  the  most  common  form  in  California.  Begins  to 
bloom  when  only  a  foot  or  two  high,  and  if  left  to  itself  becomes 
an  ungainly  sprawling  shrub.  Should  be  frequently  pruned 
up  when  young  and  headed  in  when  older.  In  this  way  a  round- 
topped,  compact,  densely  flowered  shrub  6  to  10  feet  high  may 
be  obtained. 


26  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

4.  C.  linearis  DC. 

Scarcely  more  than  a  variety  of  C.  rigidus,  being  the  extreme  form 
with  very  narrow  leaves  which  are  channeled  above,  and  the  midvein 
quite  obscure;  fruiting  calyx  more  globular  and  more  contracted  at  the 
opening. 


Fig.  11. — Callistemon  rigidus. 


Fig.  12. — Callistemon  salignus. 


5.  C.  salignus  DC. 

A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree  (6  to  10  ft.  high,  in  Australia  reaching  40 
or  50  ft.):  leaves  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  very  acute,  1%  to  3 
in.  long,  mostly  y±  to  %  in.  wide,  but  much  narrower  in  one  variety, 
very  distinctly  feather-veined:  flower-clusters  pale  yellow  or  light  pink, 
1  to  2  in.  long,  %  to  1  in.  wide:  stamens  %  to  ^  in.  long:  capsule  nearly 
globular,  with  rather  large  opening.  Illustration:  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  1821. 
Var.  viridiflorus  F.  Muell.  has  leaves  only  1  to  2  in.  long,  thicker,  the 
veins  obscure,  rigid  and  sharp-pointed:  flowers  larger,  greenish  yellow: 
habit  more  erect,  rigid,  and  tree-like.  Illustrations:  Fig.  12;  Bot.  Mag., 
pi.  2602. 

Rare  in  California  gardens  and*  not  especially  desirable.  The 
wood,  which  is  very  hard  and  close-grained,  is  said  to  be  very 
durable  underground  and  to  dress  admirably.  It  varies  from 
a  uniform  drab  color  to  dark  red. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs. 


27 


Fig.  13. 

Callistemon  brachyandrus. 


6.  C.  brachyandrus  Lindl. 

A  slenderly  branched  shrub,  the  young 
shoots  softly  hairy,  the  hairs  sometimes 
persistent  and  giving  the  whole  shrub  a 
soft  gray  tone:  leaves  rigid,  terete,  or 
slightly  flattened  or  channeled,  sharp- 
pointed,  %  to  1^  in.  long:  flower-cluster 
2  or  3  in.  long,  1">4  in.  wide:  stamens  about 
14  in.  long,  the  deep-red  filaments  nearly 
obscured  by  the  golden-yellow  anthers. 
Illustration:  Elg.  13. 

Rare  with  us  but  very  desirable, 
the  combination  of  the  slender  twigs, 
gray  foliage,  and  golden  bloom,  being 
a  novelty  among  Bottle-brushes.  Re- 
quires frequent  heading  in  for  best 
results. 


MELALEUCA. 

This  genus  of  about  100  species  includes  a  majority  of  the 
so-called  tea-trees  of  Australia  and  many  of  the  shrubs  known 
in  California  as  Bottle-brushes.  The  flowers  are  often  arranged 
as  in  Callistemon,  which  may  be  considered  the  true  bottle-brush 
genus,  but  the  clusters  are  not  so  large  and  showy,  except  in  one 
species,  Melaleuca  hypercifolia.  But  if  Melaleuca  lags  behind 
Callistemon  in  the  matter  of  brilliant  coloring,  the  various  species 
exhibit  more  grace  and  symmetry  of  outline,  and  the  available 
species  are  now  so  numerous  that  one  or  more  sorts  may  be 
selected  for  almost  any  situation. 

All  of  the  species  here  considered  are  suitable  for  nearly 
any  locality  in  California,  being  hardy,  except  in  the  moun- 
tainous districts,  and  capable  of  withstanding  at  least  moderate 
drought.  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  arboreous 
species  will  seldom  develop  into  more  than  fair-sized  shrubs 
unless  given  attention  and  occasional  irrigation,  and  that  a 
combination  of  warm  summers  and  a  moist  soil  are  essential  to 
the  luxuriant  development  sometimes  described.  So  far  as  I 
know,  no  Melaleuca  has  yet  been  killed  by  frost  in  California. 

For  ordinary  yard  planting  the  best  kinds  are  M.  lateritia 
and  M.  armillaris,  the  former  with  brick-red  flowers,  the  latter 


28  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  4 

slender  twigs  and  very  narrow  leaves.  M.  hypericifolia  is  more 
spreading  than  either  of  these,  has  recurved  branches,  brilliant 
red  flowers  in  large  clusters,  broad  leaves,  and  never  attains  a 
great  height.  For  formal  planting  M.  linariifolia  will  be  found 
more  suitable,  the  branches  being  more  nearly  erect,  more  rigid, 
and  with  straight  firm  leaves  of  a  light-green  color.  M.  styphe- 
lioides  and  M.  Huegelii  are  also  formal  in  their  effect  and  are  of 
a  darker  green. 

Of  the  arboreous  species,  M.  leucadendron  is  in  the  lead  and 
is  perhaps  the  only  one  to  be  considered  for  avenue  planting. 
M.  armillaris  grows  sufficiently  high,  at  least  in  the  south  and 
when  left  unpruned,  to  make  a  shade  for  arbors  and  walks. 
M.  nesophila  and  M.  ericifolia  are  also  tree-like,  the  former  being 
especially  good  where  a  mass  of  ordinary  foliage  is  desired. 

As  a  chaparral  covering  for  our  foothills,  M.  nesophila,  M. 
decussata,  and  M.  styphelioides  are  recommended. 

Members'  of  this  genus  are  more  resistant  to  alkali  than  are 
most  plants.  In  Australia  M.  ericifolia  and  other  species  are 
used  for  fixing  muddy  shores  where  the  water  is  strongly  saline 
and  M.  leucadendron  is  planted  in  salt  swamps  where  no  Euca- 
-lypt  will  live,  being  protected  by  its  thick,  corky  bark.  The 
thick-barked  M.  nesophila  and  M.  styphelioides  could  also  be 
used  in  these  situations,  the  former  being  the  most  promising 
because  of  its  great  hardiness  and  rapidity  of  growth.  Seed- 
lings should  never  be  transplanted  to  saline  soil  until  they  have 
developed  a  good  root  system  and  are  protected  by  well-formed 
bark. 

The  methods  of  propagation  are  the  same  as  given  for  Calli- 
stemons. 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Melaleuca  grown  in  California. 
A.  Inflorescence  a  cylindric  spike. 

Flowers  red  or  scarlet:  stamens  %  in.  or  more  long  (except  in  no.  4). 
Leaves  opposite:  stamen-claw  very  long. 

Midrib  prominent;  leaves  %  to  %  in.  wide  1.  M.  hypericifolia. 

Midrib  obscure;  leaves  linear  2.  M.  fulgens. 

Leaves  alternate,  narrow. 

Stamens  about  %  in.  long,  the  claws  very  short:  leaves  obscurely 

1-nerved  or  nerveless  3.  M.  lateritia. 

Stamens  about   %   in.  long:   upper  leaves  striate  with   7  or  more 
nerves  4.  M.  genisti  folia. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  29 

Flowers  white,  blue,  lilac,  or  pink:  stamens  under  %  in. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Calyx  ovoid  (the  base  somewhat  narrowed) :  leaves  linear,  1  in.  or 

more  long  5.  M.  linariifolia. 

Calyx  with  broad  base  partly  embedded  in  the  stems  at  maturity: 

leaves  linear,  %  to  %  in.  long  6.  M.  decussata. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  or  spiral. 

Length  of  leaves  mostly  exceeding  V->.  in. 

Nerves  several  and  the  leaves  somewhat  striate. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  2  to  4  in.  long.. ..7.  M.  leucadendron. 
Leaves   ovate   or   lanceolate,   sharp-pointed,   less   than   1    in. 

long  8.  M.  styphelioides. 

Nerves  solitary  or  obscure,  the  leaves  very  narrow  and  slender 

9.  M.  armillaris. 

Length  of  leaves  mostly  %  in.  or  less. 

Calyx  narrowed  at  base   (ovoid) :  leaves  linear,  rigid,  straight, 

about  y2  in.  long  10.  M.  parviflora. 

Calyx  with  broad  flat  base,  partly  embedded  in  stem  at  maturity. 
Leaves   ovate  with  broad  base,   rigid,   scale-like,   ^4   in.    or 

less  long  11.  M.  Huegelii. 

Leaves  linear,  slender,  curved  12.  M.  ericifolia. 

B.  Inflorescence  a  terminal  globular  head,  the  axis  not  growing  out  until 

after  flowering  (except  in  no.  16). 
Stems  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Flowers  pink. 

Leaves  14  in.  or  more  wide:  capsules  in  a  globose  head  

13.   M.   nesophila. 

Leaves  %  in.  or  less  wide:  capsules  in  a  cylindric  spike  or  scat- 
tered   . 6.  M.  decussata. 

Flowers  white  or  yellowish. 

Leaves  rigid,  straight,  sharp-pointed  14.  M.  nodosa. 

Leaves  lax,  curved,  scarcely  acute  12.  M.  ericifolia. 

Stems  or  leaves  white  with  a  close  tomentum. 

Leaves  about  %  in.  long  15.  M.  incana. 

Leaves  minute  (less  than  i/1G  in.),  scale-like  16.  M.  micromeria. 

1.  M.  hypericifolia  Sm. 

A  tall  glabrous  shrub:  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  elliptic  or  narrowly 
oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  %  to  1%  in.  long,  %  to  over  %  in.  wide,  the 
midrib  and  numerous  dots  prominent  beneath:  flowering  spikes  of  a  rich 
red,  2  in.  long  and  of  the  same  diameter,  forming  the  bases  of  leafy 
branches:  stamens  %  to  1  in.  long,  the  claw  about  %  in.  long  and  split- 
ting into  about  20  filaments:  capsule  sessile  by  a  broad  base:  seeds 
numerous.  Illustration:  PI.  3,  fig.  1. 

One  of  the  most  showy  species  and  very  popular  both  for  its 
gorgeous  bloom  and  for  the  pleasing  foliage.  Easily  mistaken 
for  a  Hypericum  when  not  in  flower. 


30  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

2.  M.  fulgens  E.  Br. 

A  tall  shrub,  glabrous  throughout:  epidermis  of  the  bark  peeling  off 
in  strips:  leaves  mostly  opposite,  from  very  narrowly  linear  to  narrowly 
lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  %  to  1  in.  long,  the  midrib  very  obscure, 
usually  dark-dotted:  flowering  spikes  of  a  rich  dark  red,  rather  loose 
and  few-flowered:  stamens  often  1  in.  or  more  long,  the  ribbon-like  claw 
splitting  into  numerous  filaments:  capsule  cup-shaped,  sessile.  Illustra- 
tions: PI.  3,  fig.  4;  Bot.  Eeg.,  pi.  103. 

Perhaps  not  grown  in  California  but  long  known  in  European 
gardens  and  certain  to  be  introduced  here. 

3.  M.  lateritia  Otto. 

A  graceful  shrub  with  numerous  slender  branches,  6  to  10  ft.  high: 
bark  soft  and  corky,  becoming  fibrous:  leaves  alternate,  overlapping, 
narrowly  linear,  acute,  %  to  %  in.  long,  ylG  in.  wide,  apparently  nerve- 
less: flowering  spikes  of  a  rich  scarlet  color,  cylindric,  about  2iX>  in.  long 
and  l1/^  to  1%  in.  in  diameter,  forming  the  base  of  leafy  branches: 
stamens  %  in.  long,  very  shortly  united  into  'Clusters  of  7  to  11  each: 
capsule  with  broad  base  somewhat  embedded  in  the  stem.  Illustration: 
PI.  3,  fig.  2. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  graceful  of  all  the  Melaleucas  and 
with  a  much  more  pleasing  color  than  any  of  the  other  red- 
flowered  species,  the  shade  being  softer  and  not  so  harsh.  Little 
known.  Good  examples  may  be  seen  at  Elysian  Park,  Los  An- 
geles, and  at  Soldiers  Home. 

4.  M.  genistifolia  Sm. 

A  tall  shrub  (attaining  40  ft.  in  Australia),  either  glabrous  or  some- 
what pubescent:  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  rigid, 
acute,  usually  about  %.in.  long,  finely  striate  (at  least  the  upper  ones) 
with  7  or  more  nerves:  flowering  spikes  loose,  often  leafy,  and  the  axis 
usually  growing  out  before  the  flowers  expand:  stamens  about  !/4  in. 
long,  each  claw  with  numerous  filaments:  capsule  nearly  globular,  crowned 
by  the  persistent  teeth. 

Reported  from  California  but  not  seen  by  me.  In  Australia 
a  tea  is  made  from  the  leaves. 

5.  M.  linariifolia  Sm. 

A  tall  shrub  (a  large  tree  in  Australia),  the  young  parts  a  little 
pubescent,  adult  foliage  glabrous  and  pale  green:  bark  soft,  shedding  in 
large  flakes:  leaves  opposite,  rigid,  linear,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point, 
mostly  1  to  114  in.  long,  %  in.  wide,  the  midrib  prominent  beneath: 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  31 

flowers  white  (or  lilac?),  in  pairs  (this  especially  distinct  in  bud),  in 
dense  spikes  of  1  to  1%  in-  in  length,  these  at  first  terminal  but  the  axis 
finally  grows  out  into  a  leafy  branch:  stamens  %  to  %  in.  long,  the  long 
claws  emitting  short  filaments  along  their  entire  length:  capsule  ovoid- 
globular,  narrowed  at  base.  Illustrations:  PI.  3,  fig.  3;  Cav.,  Icon.,  pi. 
336  (poor). 

Flourishes  at  Berkeley  and  at  Los  Angeles.  A  rare  sort 
which  should  be  widely  cultivated  for  its  trim  habit,  pale  foliage, 
and  usually  pure-white  flowers. 

6.  M.  decussata  R.  Br. 

A  large  spreading  shrub,  sometimes  20  ft.  high,  the  branches  com- 
monly pendulous:  bark  shreddy:  herbage  bright  green  and  glabrous 
throughout:  leaves  strictly  opposite,  elliptic  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute, 
or  obtuse,  narrowed  to  the  base,  %  to  %  in.  long,  nearly  %  in.  wide: 
flowers  lilac,  the  buds  strictly  opposite,  the  clusters  cylindric,  1  in.  or 
less  long,  the  axis  growing  out  as  a  leafy  shoot,  or  the  clusters  globose 
and  terminal  or  lateral  when  the  flowers  are  sterile:  stamens  %  in.  long, 
shortly  united  into  bundles  of  10  to  15  each:  capsule  partially  embedded 
in  the  woody  stem.  Illustrations:  PI.  4,  fig.  1;  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  2268. 

Common  in  California  gardens  but  suitable  only  for  large 
grounds  and  parks. 

7.  M.   leucadendron   L.     M.   cajaputi  Roxb.     CAJUPUT   TREE. 

PUNK  TREE. 

A  large  tree  with  thick  spongy  bark  which  peels  off  in  layers,  and 
pendulous  branchlets,  either  entirely  glabrous  or  the  young  shoots  silky: 
leaves  alternate,  elliptic  or  oblong,  tapering  to  each  end,  usually  2  to  4 
in.  long  (rarely  even  8  in.)  and  %  to  %  in.  wide,  with  3  to  7  parallel 
nerves  and  numerous  cross-veinlets:  flowering  spikes  creamy  white  (vary- 
ing to  pink  and  purple  in  Australia),  1%  to  4  in.  long,  1  in.  wide,  at  first 
terminal,  the  axis  growing  out  only  after  flowering:  stamens  nearly  % 
in.  long.  Illustrations:  PI.  4,  fig.  3;  Cav.  Icon.,  pi.  333  (as  Metrosideros 
quinquenervia)  ;  Maiden,  Forest  FL  N.  S.  W.,  pi.  15;  Bot.  Cook's  First  Voy., 
pi.  112. 

This  tree,  which  resembles  some  of  the  Acacias,  is  grown 
sparingly  in  Southern  California.  The  largest  specimen  (about 
20  years  old)  is  at  the  Coronado  Nurseries  and  measures  40  feet 
in  height,  the  trunk  is  14  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  soft  bark 
%  to  li/o  inches  thick.  The  wood  is  said  to  possess  ' '  a  most 
beautiful  combination  of  light  and  darker  shades,  which  may  be 
compared  in  appearance  to  ripple  marks"  (Maiden),  and  to  be 
hard,  heavy,  close-grained,  and  imperishable  underground.  The 


32  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     (TOL-  4 

tree  withstands  the  effect  of  salt  water  by  means  of  its  thick, 
impervious  bark.  The  leaves  of  certain  forms  yield  cajuput  oil, 
an  article  of  commerce  used  in  medicine. 

8.  M.  styphelioides  Sm. 

Becoming  a  tall  tree,  with  thick  spongy  bark;  young  shoots  and 
inflorescence  silky,  the  herbage  otherwise  glabrous:  leaves  alternate, 
ovate,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  tapering  above  to  a  sharp  rigid  tip,  usually 
more  or  less  twisted,  %  in.  long,  nearly  14  in.  wide,  striate  with  numerous 
fine  nerves:  flower-clusters  creamy- white,  dense,  1  or  2  in.  long,  nearly  1 
in.  wide,  the  axis  growing  out  before  flowering  is  over:  stamens  slightly 
exceeding  14  in-  in  length:  capsule  globular,  crowned  by  the  persistent 
calyx-teeth.  Illustration:  PI.  4,  fig.  4. 

'Cultivated,  so  far  as  I  know,  only  around  San  Diego  but 
should  be  more  generally  used.  The  largest  specimens  are  now 
large  shrubs  of  neat  appearance  and  with  much  clean,  thrifty 
growth. 

9.  M.  armillaris  Sm. 

A  tall  shrub,  of  graceful  habit,  glabrous  throughout:  bark  gray,  firm, 
furrowed,  deciduous  in  narrow  strips:  leaves  densely  clothing  the  long 
slender  twigs,  alternate,  narrowly  linear,  the  tip  very  slender  and  usually 
curved  outward,  %  to  %  in.  long,  less  than  ylQ  in.  wide:  flower-clusters 
white,  cylindric,  over  2  in.  long  when  well  developed,  %  in.  wide,  the 
axis  protruding  and  leafy  before  the  buds  open:  stamens  *4  in.  long,  the 
ribbon-like  claw  about  as  long  as  the  free  filaments:  capsule  with  broad 
base  partly  embedded  in  the  stem.  Illustrations:  PI.  4,  fig.  2;  pi.  6; 
Cav.  Icon.,  pi.  335  (bad)  ;  Bot.  Cook's  First  Voy.,  p.  114. 

This  I  consider  the  best  of  the  white-flowered  sorts.  Espe- 
cially suited  to  shrubberies  and  borders  of  broad  walks  where 
something  graceful  is  desired.  By  means  of  a  little  heading 
in  it  may  be  made  to  assume  a  rounded  form  with  many  slender, 
drooping  branchlets,  each  densely  clothed  with  the  abundant 
narrow  foliage.  This  absence  of  barren  twigs  and  of  knotted 
fruit-clusters  is  one  of  its  chief  advantages.  Specimens  have 
grown  to  a  height  of  7  feet  in  two  years  at  Santa  Barbara,  while 
shrubs  20  years  old  at  Coronado  are  only  15  feet  high.  Much 
used  at  West  Lake  Park,  Los  Angeles,  often  as  a  shelter  for  the 
park  benches.  Does  fully  as  well  at  San  Mateo,  San  Francisco, 
etc.,  but  perhaps  of  slower  growth.  Said  to  attain  20  to  30  feet 
in  Australia.  Often  called  M.  alba  in  California  gardens. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  33 

10.  M.  parviflora  Lindl.    M.  Preissiana  Schau. 

A  tree  or  tall  shrub,  glabrous  or  the  young  parts  pubescent:  leaves 

alternate,  thick,  rigid,  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,   sharp-pointed,  %   in. 

long   or   rather   less,    obscurely   if    at    all    nerved:    flower-clusters  white, 

loose,  1  in.  or  less  long,  capsule  globose   (narrowed  to  the  base).  Illus- 
tration:    PI.  5,  fig.  1. 

A  hardy  shrub,  grown  both  in  central  and  southern  Cali- 
fornia, but  much  surpassed,  as  regards  beauty,  by  other  species. 
M.  armillaris  and  M.  ericifolia  are  often  erroneously  labeled 
M.  Preissiana  in  California  gardens;  but  this  last  name  is  only 
a  synonym  of  M.  parviflora. 

11.  M.  Huegelii  Endl. 

An  erect  rigid  shrub,  6  to  12  ft.  high,  with  firm,  pale  bark,  nearly 
glabrous:  leaves  alternate,  spirally  arranged  and  overlapping,  strictly 
sessile,  ovate,  contracted  above  to  a  sharp  point,  '^4  in.  or  less  long, 
striate  with  3  to  7  nerves:  flower-clusters  white  (the  buds  sometimes 
pink),  dense,  1  to  5  in.  long,  about  %  in.  wide,  the  axis  growing  out 
before  the  buds  open:  stamens  %  in.  long,  the  claw  conspicuous  and 
divided  at  the  end  into  7  to  11  filaments:  -capsules  globular,  crowded  in 
a  cylindric  spike.  Illustration:  PL  5,  fig.  5. 

Frequent  in  southern  California  shrubberies  where  valuable 
chiefly  because  of  its  oddity.  At  Soldiers  Home  many  of  the 
branches  fasciate,  forming  flat,  leafy  ribbons. 

12.  M.  ericifolia  Sm. 

A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  either  glabrous  or  pubescent,  the  bark 
thick  and  soft:  leaves  alternate,  not  rigid,  usually  recurved  from  the 
middle,  narrowly  linear  or  nearly  cylindric,  rather  obtuse,  about  %  in. 
long:  flowering  spikes  yellowish-white  (there  is  a  roseate  variety  in 
Australia),  %  to  1  in.  long  and  %  in.  wide,  the  rachis  soon  growing  out 
and  leafy,  or  the  flowers  sometimes  in  nearly  globular  terminal  heads 
(staminate):  stamens  ^4  in-  long,  the  claws  conspicuous  and  with  about 
7  filaments  at  the  end:  capsules  truncate,  in  a  dense  spike.  Illustration: 
PL  5,  fig.  3. 

A  slender  shrub  resembling  heath  (Erica).  Not  much  used 
in  California.  A  few  arboreous  specimens  may  be  seen  on  the 
lawns  near  the  conservatory  of  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco. 

13.  M.  nesophila  F.  Muell. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree,  attaining  35  ft.  in  California,  with 
thick  spongy  bark  which  exfoliates  in  broad  strips:  leaves  alternate, 
obovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  with  a  sharp  tip,  thick,  %  to  1  in.  long,  about 


34  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VoL-  4 

14  in.  wide,  obscurely  1-  or  3-nerved:  flowers  pink  or  rose-color,  in  dense 
terminal  heads  1  in.  or  more  in  diameter,  the  axis  seldom  growing  out 
before  flowering  is  over:  claw  of  the  stamens  short:  capsules  smooth, 
congested  in  a  globose  or  ovoid  mass.  Illustration:  PI.  5,  fig.  4. 

Suitable  for  parks  and  other  large  grounds.  A  very  rapid 
grower  and  makes  a  fair  shade,  but  the  capsules,  which  form 
knot-like  excrescences  on  the  exposed  branches,  are  objectionable. 

14.  M.  nodosa  Sm. 

A  tall  nearly  glabrous  shrub:  leaves  linear  or  subulate,  rigid,  straight 
and  rigidly  sharp-pointed,  %  to  %  or  1  in.  long:  flowers  pale  yellow,  in 
numerous  dense  globular  clusters  which  are  scarcely  y2  in.  in  diameter, 
the  axis  not  growing  out  until  after  flowering:  capsules  in  small  compact 
heads  scarcely  more  than  }4  in.  across.  Illustrations:  PI.  5,  fig.  2;  Cav. 
Icon.,  pi.  334;  Bot.  Cook's  First  Voy.,  pi.  115. 

Rare  in  cultivation.    Grown  in  Golden  Gate  Park. 

15.  M,  incana  E.  Br. 

A  tall  shrub,  the  young  twigs  and  flowering  branches  ashy  with  a  fine 
close  pubescence:  leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  spreading, 

linear  to  lanceolate,  acute,  ^4  to  %  in.  long, 
hoary  with  white  hairs  at  least  when  young, 
mostly  1-nerved:  flowers  yellowish  white,  in 
dense  terminal  ovoid  or  oblong  spikes  about 
%  in.  wide,  the  axis  rarely  growing  out  until 
after  flowering:  stamens  shortly  united  in 
bundles  of  3  to  9:  capsules  in  dense  cylin- 
drical spikes  %  to  1  in.  long.  Illustrations: 
Fig.  14;  Bot.  Eeg.,  pi.  410. 

Reported    as    growing    in    Golden 
Gate    Park.      A    beautiful    specimen 
with  pendant  twigs  may  be  seen  in 
the  "Arizona  Garden,"  on  the  Hotel 
Fig.  14.— Melaleuca  incana.    del  Monte  grounds,  Monterey. 

16.  M.  micromeria  Schau. 

A  tall  shrub  with  many  short  slender  branches,  covered  by  a  short 
close  white  tomentum  which  is  often  concealed  by  the  minute  foliage: 
leaves  exceedingly  minute,  mostly  in  whorls  of  3,  closely  appressed  to 
the  stem,  ovate,  scale-like:  flowers  in  small  globular  heads  about  %  in. 
in  diameter:  capsules  in  dense  clusters  less  than  %  in.  across. 

Once  grown  at  Santa  Barbara  by  Dr.  Franceschi  but  prob- 
ably no  longer  in  cultivation  in  California. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  35 

LEPTOSPEEMUM. 

This  is  a  genus  of  shrubs  and  small  trees,  with  small,  entire, 
alternate  leaves  and  mostly  white  flowers  on  short  lateral 
branches.  All  of  our  species  are  from  Australia  except  L.  eri- 
coides,  which  is  a  native  of  New  Zealand,  and  L.  scoparium, 
which  occurs  both  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

The  only  one  to  be  recommended  for  general  planting  is  the 
well  known  L.  laevigatum,  the  others  being  in  no  way  superior 
and  of  value  chiefly  as  novelties.  This  species,  however,  grows 
rapidly  and  soon  makes  a  spreading  shrub  8  to  12  feet  high, 
which  is  laden  during  the  spring  months  with  a  profusion  of 
white  bloom.  It  is  particularly  adapted  to  mass  planting  in 
large  parks  and  for  filling  in  unsightly  corners.  Because  of 
its  drought  resistant  properties  and  its  rapid  growth,  it  should 
be  experimented  with  as  a  shrub  for  reforesting  purposes  in  our 
foothill  districts.  In  case  a  larger  plant  is  desired,  L.  fabricia 
may  be  used,  since  it  is  reported  as  becoming  quite  arboreous 
in  Australia.  L.  flavescens  is  much  grown  in  Europe  and  its 
var.  grandiflorum  has  flowers  of  the  largest.  L.  scoparium  is 
a  shrub,  rarely  attaining  12  feet.  When  the  leaves  are  exceed- 
ingly narrow  it  is  called  L.  juniperinum.  Its  flowers  are  some- 
times pink  or  even  red.  L.  ericoides  is  one  of  the  "tea  trees" 
of  New  Zealand,  sometimes  growing  to  a  height  of  40  to  60  feet, 
with  a  trunk  sufficiently  large  to  be  used  for  piling,  fence  posts, 
etc.,  and  would  probably  grow  without  care  on  our  lower  hills. 

Propagation  is  effected  by  use  of  the  seeds  although  these 
are  not  always  fertile.  Cuttings  from  young  wood  are  more 
satisfactory  and  are  grown  under  glass.  All  of  the  species  are 
hardy  for  California  and  endure  drought  well. 

Key  to  the  cultivated  Species  of  Leptospermum. 

A.  Ovary  and  capsule  6-  to  10-celled:  fertile  seeds  rather  broadly  winged. 
Calyx  glabrous:  leaves  broad,  obtuse,  %  to  1  in.  long:  flowers  large  

1.  L.  laevigatum  Muell. 

Calyx  villous:  otherwise  similar  2.  L.  fabricia  Benth. 

B.  Ovary  5-celled:  seeds  linear. 
Calyx  glabrous. 

Leaves  obtuse;  y±  to  %  in.  long:  flowers  of  medium  size  

3.  L.  flavescens  Sm. 


36  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  4 

Leaves  acute,  narrow. 

Flowers  %  to  %  in.  across:  leaves  with  rigid  tips  

4.  L.  scoparium  Forst. 

Flowers  %  in.  across:  leaves  small,  dense,  heath-like,  the  tips  not 

rigid  5.  L.  ericoides  A.  Eich. 

Calyx  pubescent  with  long  hairs. 

Calyx  broad  and  obtuse  at  the  base,  villous  with  long  hairs:   leaves 

linear,  or  elliptic,  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  with  a  short  sharp  tip  

6.  L.  lanigerum  Sm. 

Calyx  attenuate  at  the  base    (at  least  when  young),  silky  with  ap- 

pressed  hairs:  leaves  small,  obovate  or  oblong  

< 7.  L.  myrtifolium  Sieb. 

Since  only  one  or  two  species  of  Leptospermum  are  grown 
in  California  to  any  considerable  extent,  the  detailed  botanical 
descriptions  are  omitted. 

AGONIS. 

One  species  of  Agonis  is  grown  in  California,  namely  A. 
flexuosa  Schau.,  of  which  good  examples  may  be  seen  in  Golden 
Gate  Park  and  at  Soldiers  Home,  near  Los  Angeles.  The 
shrub  is  commonly  mistaken  for  a  Leptospermum  but  is  much 
more  graceful  in  habit  and  with  longer,  more  slender  leaves. 
Very  serviceable  where  a  pendant  effect  is  desired  rather  than 
a  show  of  bloom. 

[  METKOSIDEROS. 

This  genus  includes  two  magnificent  New  Zealand  trees, 
grown  in  California  to  a  limited  extent.  They  may  be  known 
by  their  large  size,  the  thick  and  leathery  strictly  opposite 
leaves,  and  the  rounded,  terminal  flower-clusters  rendered  bril- 
liant by  the  profusion  of  long-exserted,  crimson  stamens.  In 
M.  robust  a  A.  Cunn.  the  leaves  are  glabrous  and  1  to  1%  inches 
long;  in  M.  tomentosa  A.  Rich,  they  are  usually  clothed  beneath 
with  white  hairs  and  are  mostly  2  to  4  inches  long. 

Metrosideros  may  be  used  either  as  an  ornamental  shrub  or 
as  an  avenue  tree.  It  is  easily  propagated  by  means  of  cuttings 
since  it  is  disposed  to  throw  out  roots,  even  on  the  main  branches. 
In  New  Zealand  ''it  commonly  commences  life  as  an  epiphyte, 
in  the  upper  branches  of  some  tall  forest  tree,  sending  to  the 
ground  aerial  roots  which  coalesce  and  form  a  trunk  after  the 
death  of  the  supporting  plant"  (Cheeseman). 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  37 

These  trees  are  not  hardy,  and  although  grown  at  San 
Francisco  will  not  endure  a  temperature  much  below  the  freezing 
point. 

Several  species  of  Callistemon  are  known  in  trade  as  Metro- 
sideros.  The  so-called  M.  semperflorens  and  M.  latifolius  are 
mostly  Callistemon  lanceolatus.  M.  speciosus  is  Callistemon  spe- 
ciosus. 

CALOTHAMNUS. 

Although  often  confused  with  Melaleuca,  this  genus  is  at 
once  distinguished  by  the  anthers,  which  are  erect  and  attached 
by  the  very  base  to  the  summit  of  the  filament.  Our  only 
common  species  in  cultivation  is  C.  quadrifidus  R.  Br.,  of  Aus- 
tralia, a  low  shrub  with  cylindric,  punctate  leaves  and  clustered 
crimson  flowers  with  long  stamens  united  into  bundles.  Its 
uses  and  methods  of  propagation  are  similar  to  those  given  for 
Callistemon. 

MISCELLANEOUS  ORNAMENTALS. 

Lyonothamnus  floribundus  var.  asplenifolius  Brandegee. 

ISLAND  IRONWOOD. 

An  erect,  evergreen  tree,  becoming  75  ft.  high,  with  very  heavy  and 
dark  wood  and  a  loose  red  bark  which  exfoliates  in  long  ribbon-like 
strips:  leaves  fern-like,  opposite,  stalked,  mostly  parted  into  several  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  lanceolate  segments,  each  segment  3  or  4  in.  long  and 
cut  to  near  the  midrib  into  many  shield-shaped  lobes  (mostly  simple  and 
nearly  entire  in  typical  L.  floribundus),  white-tomentose  beneath  or  gla- 
brous: flowers  white,  small,  but  the  clusters  dense  and  4  to  8  in.  across: 
sepals  and  petals  5  each:  stamens  15:  pistils  2,  distinct:  seeds  usually  4, 
minute.  Family  Eosaceae.  Santa  Barbara  Islands.  Illustrations:  Fig.  15; 
pi.  7;  Zoe,  i,  pi.  5;  Sudworth,  Forest  Trees  Pacif.  Slope,  figs.  154,  155; 
Sargent,  Silva,  pi.  197;  Sargent,  Man.  Trees  N.  A.,  fig.  275.  - 

Lyonothamnus  is,  in  many  respects,  the  most  remarkable 
contribution  that  California  has  made  to  the  world's  list  of 
ornamental  trees.  It  is  known  native  only  on  Santa  Cruz,  Santa 
Rosa,  Santa  Catalina,  and  San  Clemente  islands,  and  was  first 
brought  to  the  mainland  in  1894  by  Dr.  Franceschi,  of  Santa 
Barbara.  In  that  year  one  live  stump  and  a  quantity  of  seeds 
were  procured  on  Santa  Cruz  Island.  The  former  was  planted 
on  State  street,  Santa  Barbara,  where  it  produced  a  tree  about 


38  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

35  feet  high  in  16  years.  Several  plants  were  obtained  from 
the  seed.  At  least  two  of  these  (one  on  the  Gillespie  grounds, 
Montecito,  one  at  the  Cooper  Ranch,  Elwood)  bloomed  when 
13  years  old.  Another  tree  of  this  same  generation  is  growing 
vigorously  on  the  University  Campus  at  Berkeley  and  now,  at 
15  years  of  age,  is  in  bloom  for  the  first  time.  It  measures  45 


Fig.  15. — Lyonothamnus  floribundus. 

feet  high,  and  has  a  trunk  diameter  of  10  inches.  Because  of 
its  beauty  and  symmetry,  as  well  as  its  botanical  interest,  it  is 
justly  considered  the  pride  of  the  garden. 

The  ornamental  uses  which  can  be  made  of  this  tree  are 
numerous.  It  harmonizes  well  with  almost  any  combination 
of  surroundings,  but  is  not  adapted  to  small  grounds.  The  tall, 
stately  habit  adds  dignity  to  any  environment,  while  the  dense 
and  gracefully  drooping  foliage  forbids  any  suggestion  of  rigid- 
ity or  coldness,  and  when  covered  with  the  copious  white  bloom 
the  tree  is  certainly  a  pleasing  sight.  As  a  specimen  tree  for 
large  grounds,  parks,  and  the  like  it  is  unexcelled,  particularly 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  39 

if  plenty  of  room  is  given  it,  in  order  that  there  may  be  a 
symmetrical  development  and  that  the  general  outline  may  be 
brought  out. 

Lyonothamnus  is  especially  recommended  as  an  avenue  tree. 
The  erect  habit  of  growth,  moderate  spread,  and  narrow  crown, 
would  combine  with  the  graceful  foliage  in  making  an  avenue 
of  these  trees  one  of  the  most  dignified  and  pleasing  drives  in 
the  state.  It  is  hoped  that  the  suppty  will  soon  be  sufficiently 
adequate  to  warrant  their  utilization  for  this  purpose. 

Objection  has  been  made  to  it  as  a  lawn  tree  because  of  the 
litter  produced,  but  healthy  trees  cast  no  appreciable  amount 
of  litter.  When  grown  on  lawns,  the  ground  directly  under 
the  tree  should  be  cultivated.  The  only  further  objection  that 
I  have  heard  is  that  it  harbors  black  scale,  this  reason  being- 
given  for  its  scarcity  at  Los  Angeles.  This  objection,  however, 
is  not  a  serious  one,  since  black  scale  is  now  readily  held  in 
check  by  certain  animal  parasites.  Trees  at  Santa  Barbara  and 
at  Berkeley  are  not  infested  with  scale  to  any  noticeable  extent. 

Concerning  the  conditions  under  which  Lyonothamnus  may 
be  expected  to  thrive,  we  can  only  say  that,  so  far  as  tried,  there 
have  been  no  failures.  These  trials  have  been  mostly  in  the 
coast  districts.  The  interior  may  be  too  dry  for  its  best  de- 
velopment, but  this  point  has  not  yet  been  tested.  Perhaps  the 
best  specimen  in  cultivation  is  the  one  on  the  Reed  grounds  at 
Pasadena,  where  the  summers  are  quite  warm  and  dry.  Its 
hardiness  is  likewise  unknown,  but  temperatures  of  25°  F:  have 
not  affected  the  foliage  whatever. 

In  its  natural  habitat,  Lyonothamnus  grows  on  well  drained 
soil  which  is  moderately  mcist.  The  groves,  so  far  as  I  have 
observed,  are  always  on  north  slopes,  but  neither  in  canon  bot- 
toms nor  on  the  wind-swept  ridges.  These  groves  are  of  very 
limited  size,  mostly  covering  less  than  an  acre  of  land,  and  of 
limited  number.  Seedlings,  moreover,  are  entirely  wanting,  all 
of  the  trees  being  apparently  second  growth,  that  is,  suckers 
from  old  stumps.  Even  where  the  old  stumps  are  not  found,  the 
trees  are  frequently  arranged  in  an  irregular  circle,  the  center 
of  which  was  perhaps  once  occupied  by  the  parent  tree.  Only 
a  very  small  percentage  of  the  seeds  are  fertile  and  nurserymen 


40  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

who  have  propagated  them  have  had  much  difficulty  because  of 
the  readiness  with  which  the  young  seedlings  damped  off.  All 
of  these  facts,  together  with  the  isolation  of  the  genus  from  all 
related  forms,  seem  to  indicate  that  we  have  here  a  decadent 
race,  marooned  on  these  few  islands  where  its  last  stand  in  the 
fight  for  existence  is  being  made. 

That  this  race  of  trees  will  become  extinct  unless  protected 
is  a  certainty.  Steps  should  be  taken,  either  by  the  State  or 
Federal  Government,  to  acquire  and  protect  at  least  a  few  of 
the  groves.  An  important  factor  in  the  weakening  of  this  race 
is  doubtless  that  of  inbreeding.  There  are  apparently  no  special 
devices  for  cross  pollination  and,  judging  from  the  botanical 
characters  of  the  two  forms,  there  is  almost  certainly  no  transfer 
of  pollen  from  one  island  to  another.  If  artificial  cross  polli- 
nation were  practiced  between  the  typical  form  and  the  var. 
asplenifolius,  a  good  yield  of  fertile  seed  would  probably  result 
and  give  rise  to  a  stronger  race.  At  least,  the  experiment  should 
be  made. 

Propagation  is  best  effected  by  seed.  These  are  largely  in- 
fertile, so  that  only  a  small  percentage  can  be  expected  to  germ- 
inate. In  the  past,  this  seed  has  all  come  from  Santa  Cruz 
Island,  but  cultivated  trees  at  Santa  Barbara  are  now  yielding 
a  more  convenient  supply.  In  propagating  from  seed,  great 
care  must  be  exercised  to  see  that  the  seedlings  do  not  damp  off 
in  the  early  stages.  Stumps  have  been  successfully  transplanted 
but  their  shipment  from  the  islands  is  expensive.  They  may 
be  divided  by  splitting,  but  experience  has  shown  this  to  be  a 
precarious  proceeding.  All  attempts  at  layering  and  propa- 
gation by  means  of  cuttings  have  failed  up  to  the  present  time. 

Eugenia  myrtifolia  Sims.2 
AUSTRALIAN  BRUSH  CHERRY. 

An  evergreen  glabrous  tree,  or  shrub-like:  leaves  opposite,  oval  or 
oblong,  narrowed  to  each  end,  short-stalked,  mostly  acute,  entire,  1^  to 
3  in.  long:  flowers  in  loose  clusters:  calyx-tube  top-shaped,  the  lobes 


2  Some  confusion  has  arisen  because  of  the  various  names  applied  to 
this  tree.  Eugenia  australis  Wendl.  is  exactly  the  same,  according  to  best 
authorities.  Jambos  myrtifolia  Nadz.  is  the  name  adopted  in  Engler  and 
Prantl  's  NaturlichenpflanzenfamiUen. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  41 

unequal:  petals  4,  white,  ^4  in-  across:  stamens  numerous:  ovary  inferior: 
style  single:  fruit  red,  ovoid,  nearly  1  in.  long,  fleshy,  of  a  pleasing  acid 
taste.  Family  Myrtaceae.  Australia.  Illustrations:  PI.  8;  Bot.  Mag.,  pi. 
2230. 

This  tree  ma}^  be  used  as  a  hedge  plant,  as  a  shrub  for  the 
lawn  or  garden,  as  a  specimen  tree  for  large  grounds,  or  as  a 
street  tree,  and  is  perhaps  the  best  of  the  whole  list  for  general 
planting.  The  habit  is  dignified,  yet  graceful  and  pleasing. 
Its  leaves  are  plentiful,  clean,  glossy,  and  green.  It  prunes 
well,  and  so  may  be  molded  to  harmonize  with  its  surroundings. 
Eugenia  is  hardy  for  all  of  the  coast  district  of  California, 
grows  well  as  far  north  as  Sacramento  (and  there  is  no  reason 
why  it  should  not  be  used  much  beyond  this  latitude),  and  in 
the  interior  at  least  as  far  as  Redlands. 

When  it  is  desired  to  form  a  tall,  narrow  hedge,  the  plants 
should  be  set  close  together.  If  a  shrub  is  desired,  the  growth 
of  several  central  stems  should  be  encouraged  and  the  head  cut 
back.  Even  so  it  will  insist  on  becoming  a  tree  in  favorable 
localities,  in  which  case  it  will  be  necessary  to  resort  to  root 
pruning. 

Growth  is  not  rapid,  although  one  specimen  at  Coronado 
attained  a  height  of  40  feet  in  20  years.  At  Santa  Barbara 
a  tree  80  feet  high  was  observed,  but  the  age  is  not  known. 
On  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula  it  is  commonly  grown  in 
masses  and  therefore  remains  low.  A  good  example,  20  feet 
high,  may  be  seen  on  the  Capitol  grounds  at  Sacramento. 

As  a  street  tree,  Eugenia  myrtifolia  would  almost  certainly 
be  a  splendid  success.  The  difficulty  of  procuring  a  large 
supply  of  trees  has  prevented  its  use  for  this  purpose,  but  they 
are  now  sufficiently  plentiful  to  warrant  its  adoption  for  some 
of  our  more  progressive  cities. 

Propagation  is  easily  accomplished  from  seeds,  but  these 
are  not  to  be  had  in  large  quantities.  Cuttings  taken  from 
firm  or  partially  ripened  wood  strike  without  difficulty. 

Macadamia  ternifolia  F.  Muell. 

AUSTRALIAN  NUT. 

A  slender  glabrous  tree,  becoming  50  ft.  high:  leaves  in  whorls  of  3 
or  4,  or  the  upper  ones  more  scattered,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acutish, 


42  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

short-stalked  or  sessile,  serrate  with  remote  sharp  slender  teeth  or  entire, 
several  inches  to  1  ft.  or  more  long:  flowers  small,  in  long  racemes, 
growing  in  pairs  on  short  stalks:  ovary  simple,  developing  into  a  hard- 
shelled  ovoid  nut  with  a  leathery  covering.  Family  Proteaceae.  Australia. 

Valuable  chiefly  because  of  its  nuts,  this  tree  also  deserves 
consideration  as  an  ornamental.  It  is  a  clean,  straight-growing, 
pleasing  tree,  without  objectionable  features,  and  is  suggested 
as  a  specimen  tree  for  parks  and  large  gardens  and  also  as  a 
nut  tree,  both  for  commercial  plantations  and  for  the  home 
orchard. 

Specimens  are  growing  at  San  Francisco  and  Berkeley,  but 
none*  of  these  have  yet  blossomed,  so  far  as  I  am  aware.  This 
may  be  due  to  excessive  shading  or  crowding  or  to  unfavorable 
soil  conditions.  At  Santa  Barbara  we  find  several  splendid 
trees.  One  of  these,  now  about  five  years  old,  is  15  feet  high 
and  bearing  nuts,  although  it  has  had  no  attention.  Another, 
on  the  Gillespie  grounds  at  Montecito,  is  eleven  years  old  and 
has  borne  several  crops.  This  tree,  although  on  poor  soil  and 
much  crowded,  is  now  about  50  feet  high  and  still  growing. 
Some  of  its  branches  are  10  feet  long,  the  lower  ones  sweeping 
the  ground,  the  shorter  upper  ones  ascending,  the  whole  ap- 
pearance being  that  of  a  thrifty,  well  established  specimen,  a 
credit  to  any  garden. 

The  flowers  appear  in  December  and  the  blooming  period 
extends  into  March,  the  nuts  ripening  the  next  autumn.  These 
nuts  are  borne  in  long,  pendant  racemes  of  6  to  24  nuts  each. 
Only  the  larger  ones  are  fertile  and  the  extremely  hard  shell 
renders  the  cracking  of  the  nuts  a  difficult  operation.  They 
resemble  filberts  somewhat  in  appearance  and  taste  but  are  said 
to  excel  all  other  nuts  in  flavor  and  to  sell  in  the  English  market 
at  $2.50  per  pound.  In  Australia  the  price  averages  $1.25  per 
pound,  when  sold  for  propagation  purposes.  Australian  writers 
inform  us,  further,  that  the  trees  are  there  planted  20  feet 
apart,  attain  a  height  of  50  feet,  come  into  bearing  when  seven 
years  old,  and  yield  3  to  14  nuts  to  each  raceme.  It  Avould 
seem  that  some  parts  of  California  are  fully  as  well  adapted 
to  the  tree  as  any  part  of  Australia,  where  the  production  of 
its  nuts  is  considered  to  be  very  remunerative. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  43 

Maytenus  Boaria  Mol. 
MAYTEN. 

A  glabrous  evergreen  tree  of  graceful  habit,  15  to  40  ft.  high  or  more, 
the  crown  broad  and  spreading,  the  slender  branchlets  pendant:  leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate,  much  narrowed  to  each  end,  finely  and  evenly 
serrate,  1  to  1%  in.  long:  flowers  small,  greenish,  in  small  clusters  along 
the  leafy  branchlets,  the  staminate  with  calyx-teeth  petals  and  stamens 
5  each:  capsule  splitting  into  2  widely  spreading  valves:  seeds  with  a 
scarlet  aril.  Synonym:  M.  chilensis  DC.  Family  Celastraceae.  Chile, 
northern  Patagonia,  etc.  Illustrations:  PI.  9;  Bot.  Eeg.,  xx,  pi.  1702; 
Bailey,  fig.  1382. 

The  Chilean  Mayten  may  now  be  seen  at  a  number  of  places 
in  California,  and  is  becoming  more  and  more  a  favorite.  Its 
chief  claims  for  consideration  are  its  graceful  habit  and  delicate 
smilax-like  foliage.  Because  of  the  rounded  top,  pendant  twigs, 
and  modest  color,  it  harmonizes  well  with  other  shrubs  and  trees, 
except  those  of  a  rigid,  pyramidal  habit.  The  twigs  have  been 
used  for  interior  decoration  with  good  results,  and  when  woven 
into  the  meshes  of  a  large  net  the  effect  is  very  suggestive  of  a 
bank  of  smilax. 

This  tree  endures  pruning  well  and  when  the  lower  branches 
are  removed  makes  a  fair  shade  tree,  where  the  densest  of  shade 
is  not  desired.  It  is  well  adapted  to  lawn  planting  and  is  most 
beautiful  when  the  branches  are  allowed  to  sweep  the  sward. 
Being  a  slow  grower  it  is  well  adapted  to  places  where  tall 
trees  are  objectionable,  and  by  occasionally  removing  the  top- 
most growths,  it  may  be  kept  as  a  shrub  for  10  or  15  years.  A 
lawn  specimen  in  Berkeley  has  grown  to  a  height  of  15  feet  in 
7  years,  while  trees  about  20  years  old  are  30  to  35  feet  high. 
At  Pasadena  one  of  these  plants  grew  12  feet  in  3  years. 

Although  seldom  seen  as  a  street  tree,  there  is  little  doubt 
that  the  Mayten  will  prove  itself  useful  for  this  purpose  on 
rather  wide  streets  where  evergreens  are  desired.  It  will  need 
attention,  however,  to  prevent  the  central  shaft  from  dividing 
into  several  branches.  All  but  one  of  these  should  be  removed 
as  soon  as  formed. 

The  Mayten  flourishes  equally  well  in  middle  and  in  Southern 
California,  along  the  coast  and  in  the  interior.  It  is  propa- 
gated from  cuttings  taken  in  the  fall,  or  from  seed.  Volunteer 


44  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4. 

seedlings  are  not  uncommon  under  old  trees  and  root-suckers 
also  appear  in  some  cases. 

Roupala  Pohlii  Meisn. 

ROUPALA. 

•» 

A  tall  narrow  evergreen  tree  with  smooth  gray  and  somewhat  mot- 
tled bark,  the  young  shoots  and  leaves  rusty  with  numerous  woolly  hairs, 
the  mature  foliage  glabrous,  glossy  and  dark  green:  leaves  compound, 
1  ft.  or  more  long;  leaflets  5  to  8  pairs,  short-stalked,  ovate,  acuminate, 
oblique  at  base,  4  or  5  in.  long,  about  2  in.  broad,  coarsely  toothed: 
flowers  yellowish,  in  erect  racemes  which  are  3  to  5  in.  long:  perianth 
with  -4  narrow  lobes:  ovary  and  style  single:  fruit  a  hard  2-valved 
capsule.  Synonym:  E.  corcovadensis  Hort.  Family  Proteaceae.  Brazil. 
Illustration:  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  6095. 

Of  the  three  or  four  specimens  in  California  of  this  strik- 
ingly handsome  plant,  the  finest  is  perhaps  the  tree  on  the  Gil- 
lespie  place  at  Montecito,  near  Santa  Barbara.  This  is  now 
13  years  old,  but  was  once  broken  off  by  the  wind;  the  present 
height  of  30  feet  represents  the  growth  of  about  7  years. 

The  foliage  of  this  tree  is  unlike  that  of  any  other  and 
constitutes  its  chief  charm.  The  long,  compound  leaves  curve 
gracefully  outward,  many  of  them  becoming  pendant,  and  thus 
the  tree  is  clothed  with  a  shining  mantle  of  green.  The  young 
shoots,  bronzed  throughout  with  a  soft,  rusty  tomentum,  add 
color  to  the  foliage  during  the  spring  months. 

Roupala  is  a  tree  for  only  a  few  gardens,  being  somewhat 
sensitive  to  frost  and  easily  broken  by  winds.  A  warm,  shel- 
tered place  should  therefore  be  chosen.  It  is,  moreover,  difficult 
to  procure.  Experiments  with  cuttings  have  so  far  failed  and 
seeds  can  be  had  only  by  importation  from  Brazil,  Further 
trials  with  cuttings  should  be  made,  since  this  method  is  appar- 
ently successful  in  England,  the  cuttings  being  "inserted  in 
sand,  under  glass,  with  bottom  heat"  (Nicholson). 

Choisya  ternata  HBK. 

CHOISYA. 

A  compact  free-blooming  bush,  3  to  5  ft.  high  (said  to  reach  10  ft. 
when  trained  against  warm  walls),  the  young  parts  minutely  hairy: 
leaves  opposite,  compound,  the  common  petiole  i/2  to  2  in.  long;  leaflets 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  45 

3,  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  sessile  base,  entire,  1^  to 
2l/2  in.  long,  marked  with  minute  oil-dots:  flowers  white,  %  in.  across, 
in  forking  terminal  clusters:  sepals  and  petals  5  each:  stamens  10:  pistil 
solitary.  Family  Kutaceae.  Mexico.  Illustrations:  PI.  10;  HBK.  Nov. 
Gen.  et  Sp.,  pi.  513. 

Choisya  ternata  is  perhaps  the  most  desirable  small  shrub 
now  grown  in  California,  one  which  has  been  thoroughly  tested 
in  a  variety  of  situations,  and  yet  it  is  scarcely  known  outside 
of  a  few  parks  and  a  limited  number  of  private  gardens.  It 
is  exceedingly  neat  and  trim  in  appearance,  round-topped,  and 
the  leaves  are  of  that  smooth,  glossy  texture  which  easily  sheds 
dust  and  keeps  clean  even  through  a  long,  dry  summer.  The 
blossoms,  comparable  to  those  of  the  orange  but  scarcely  frag- 
rant, occur  in  abundance,  five  or  six  "crops"  appearing  each 
year,  at  least  when  grown  in  warm  situations  near  the  sea. 
The  flowers  appear  in  greatest  abundance,  however,  during  the 
early  spring  months.  Although  a  native  of  Mexico,  it  grows 
only  at  considerable  altitudes  in  that  republic,  and  flourishes 
in  California  both  along  the  coast  and  in  the  interior,  from 
San  Diego  to  San  Francisco,  and  would  undoubtedly  do  well 
much  farther  north.  It  has  been  known  to  endure  a  minimum 
temperatiire  of  10°  F. 

Choisya  is  recommended  for  small  lawns  and  yards,  espe- 
cially for  city  lots  and  for  interior  courts.  In  Golden  Gate 
Park,  San  Francisco,  it  is  used  to  good  effect  in  masses,  one 
planting  of  some  200  specimens  being  especially  pleasing  when 
in  full  bloom.  This  shrub  is  said  to  be  grown  in  England  as  a 
hedge  plant,  such  hedges  being  as  broad  as  high,  round-topped, 
and  quite  satisfactory  whether  in  flower  or  only  in  foliage. 

Propagation  is  by  means  of  cuttings  taken  between  the 
periods  of  bloom.  Fertile  seeds  rarely  form  on  cultivated  plants, 
and  their  importation  is  impracticable.  Choisya  was  first  de- 
scribed from  cultivated  plants  whose  exact  origin  was  unknown. 
It  has  since  been  discovered  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Luis  Tultit- 
lanapa,  near  Oaxaca,  and  elsewhere  in  Mexico. 


46  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     LVoL-  4 

Streptosolen  Jamesonii  Miers. 
STREPTOSOLEN. 

An  evergreen  rough-pubescent  shrub,  usually  3  to  6  ft.  high:  leaves 
short-stalked,  oval,  narrowed  to  each  end,  entire,  %  to  1%  in.  long: 
flowers  showy,  rich  orange,  in  loose  terminal  clusters:  calyx  tubular, 
5-toothed:  corolla  tubular-campanulate,  5-lobed,  1  in.  long,  %  to  %  in. 
wide  across  the  expanded  limb,  the  tube  twisted  below:  perfect  stamens 
4:  capsule  4-lobed.  Synonym:  Browallia  Jamesonii  Hort.  Family  Solan- 
aceae.  U.  S.  of  Columbia.  Illustrations:  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  4605;  Bailey, 
fig.  2436. 

Commonly  grown  as  a  flowering  shrub,  Streptosolen  is  equally- 
satisfactory  when  trained  against  walls  or  on  a  trellis,  since  in 
habit  it  is  half-climbing.  Left  to  itself  it  spreads  out  into 
irregular  but  graceful  masses  15  or  20  feet  across  and  4  to  6 
feet  high;  if  taken  in  hand  when  young  and  carefully  pruned 
it  may  be  made  to  assume  an  upright  form  with  a  more  or  less 
distinct  trunk,  and  has  been  trained  on  walls  to  heights  of  10 
feet  or  more.  Whatever  the  habit,  it  blooms  profusely  at  all 
seasons  and  is  especially  adapted  to  situations  calling  for  masses 
of  color  during  the  winter  months.  Partial  shade  does  not 
seem  to  discourage  this  shrub,  for  in  San  Mateo  County  I  have 
seen  it  blooming  profusely  beneath  oak  trees  in  April.  A  light 
soil  is  necessary  for  its  best  development.  It  is  therefore  rec- 
ommended for  almost  any  situation  where  the  color  harmonizes 
with  its  surroundings  and  where  the  temperature  does  not  fall 
much  below  the  freezing  point.  It  might  well  replace  much  of 
the  Lantana  so  commonly  grown  in  California. 

It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  Streptosolen  is  a 
tender  plant.  It  sometimes  freezes  in  the  San  Francisco  Bay 
district,  but  only  when  grown  on  low  ground.  In  the  coastal 
region  from  San  Luis  Obispo  south  it  is  perfectly  safe  except 
in  the  coldest  situations.  It  is  used  as  far  inland  as  Redlands, 
but  at  that  place  it  is  necessary  to  select  warm  situations. 

Cuttings  grow  readily  and  afford  a  very  satisfactory  method 
of  propagation.  In  England  cuttings  are  struck  in  the  spring 
and  grown  in  10-inch  pots  without  pinching,  the  result  being 
tall  plants  for  the  greenhouse,  clothed  with  fine  trusses  of  bloom 
during  the  winter  months.  (See  further  in  Gardeners'  Chron- 
icle, ser.  3,  xxxi,  84  and  xxxvii,  375;) 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  47 

Solanum  Rantonnetii  Carr. 
BLUE-FLOWERED  SOLANUM. 

An  erect  bushy  plant,  4  to  10  ft.  high,  or  may  be  trained  as  a  vine 
to  15  ft.:  leaves  soft  with  microscopic  hairs,  alternate,  lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed to  each  end,  entire,  very  variable  in  siee:  flowers  slender-stalked, 
violet-blue,  nearly  1  in.  across:  calyx  5-toothed:  corolla  rotate,  5-angled: 
stamens  5,  attached  to  the  corolla,  the  anthers  oblong  and  connivent: 
fruit  a  2-celled  berry,  red,  drooping,  very  ornamental,  many-seeded. 
Family  Solanaceae.  Paraguay  and  Argentine.  Illustration:  PI.  11,  fig.  1. 

This  plant,  which  may  be  considered  either  as  a  shrub  or  as 
a  vine,  depending  upon  the  method  of  pruning,  is  being  success- 
fully grown  in  a  number  of  southern  California  gardens.  It 
is  recommended  for  situations  where  a  mass  of  blue  color  is 
desired  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  since  it  is  a  continuous  as  well 
as  a  profuse  bloomer,  the  flowers  forming  in  clusters  over  nearly 
all  the  exposed  area. 

The  growth  is  rapid  and  a  single  vine  has  been  known  to 
make  an  almost  solid  wall  15  feet  long  by  12  feet  high.  Its 
effectiveness  is  increased  by  planting  with  it  some  yellow- 
flowered  vine. 

When  treated  as  a  shrub,  Solanum  Rantonnetii  produces  a 
solid  mass  of  foliage  and  many  flowers.  For  this  purpose  the 
lower  branches  should  be  pruned  back  and  the  whole  plant 
headed  in  occasionally.  Only  moderate  irrigation  is  to  be  prac- 
ticed if  an  abundance  of  bloom  is  desired,  since  ordinary  water- 
ing, such  as  is  given  to  most  shrubs,  has  a  tendency  to  check 
its  flowering  proclivities.  It  is  eminently  adapted  to  dry  situ- 
ations. 

Propagation  is  easily  accomplished  by  means  of  cuttings. 
It  also  comes  readily  from  seed. 

Other  species  of  Solanum  are  better  known  in  cultivation. 
S.  jasminoides,  often  called  "potato  vine,"  is  the  most  popular. 
It  is  noted  for  its  large  clusters  of  white  flowers,  but  sometimes 
has  a  tendency  to  cast  its  leaves  and  thus  become  ragged  or 
twiggy. 

Buddleia  madagascariensis  Lam. 
MADAGASCAR  BUDDLEIA. 

A  loose  straggling  shrub  (but  easily  controlled  by  pruning),  becoming 
15  to  20  ft.  high,  the  stems  petioles  pedicels  and  under  surface  of  the 


48  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  4 

leaves  clothed  with  a  dense  rusty  tomentum:  leaves  green  above,  oppo- 
site, ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  or  rounded  to  short  stalks, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  often  6  in.  long:  flowers  fragrant,  of  a  yellowish 
orange  color,  borne  in  long  slender  trusses  which  are  frequently  pendant: 
calyx  shortly  4-toothed:  corolla  funnel-shaped,  the  tube  about  %  in.  long, 
cottony,  the  4  lobes  short  and  roundish:  stamens  4,  inserted  at  the  mouth 
of  the  corolla-tube:  style  single,  as  long  as  the  stamens:  berries  of  a 
beautiful  translucent  blue  color.  Family  Loganiaceae.  Madagascar. 
Illustrations:  Bot.  Keg.,  xv,  pi.  1259;  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  2824. 

This  Buddleia  is  cultivated  only  to  a  limited  extent  in  Cali- 
fornia, where  it  was  first  introduced  by  Dr.  Franceschi,  of 
Santa  Barbara.  It  may  be  either  trained  into  an  erect,  bushy 
form,  or  allowed  to  clamber  over  other  plants,  rockeries,  or 
unsightly  objects.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  this  latter  is  perhaps 
its  most  important  use,  since  it  is  too  coarse  for  ordinary  ' '  front- 
yard"  planting  and  the  old  flowers,  drying  to  a  disagreeable 
brown,  persist  long  after  they  have  ceased  to  be  ornamental. 
For  certain  positions,  however,  such  as  filling  up  odd  corners, 
covering  an  unsightly  water-tank  or  shed,  etc.,  nothing  is  more 
satisfactory. 

It  is  most  effective  when  trained  up  so  that  the  branches 
clear  the  ground;  the  rounded  tops  when  properly  supported 
may  then  attain  a  height  of  20  feet  and  give  a  spread  fully  as 
great. 

The  growth  is  rapid  and  the  long,  drooping  branches,  densely 
clothed  with  the  ashy-gray  leaves,  present  a  pleasing  sight,  to 
which  is  added,  during  the  spring  and  summer  months,  the 
brilliancy  of  the  yellow  flowers  borne  profusely  in  long  panicles. 
These  are  followed  in  autumn  by  the  blue  berries.  The  plant 
is  perfectly  hardy  throughout  western  California. 

Three  other  species  of  Buddleia  are  cultivated  in  California. 
The  more  common  of  these  is  B.  globosa,  a  low  bush  with  yellow 
flowers  in  globular  heads.  It  is  a  serviceable  bedding  plant, 
much  used  throughout  the  state  and  easily  grown,  but  with  no 
special  features  to  commend  it.  (See  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  174.) 

B.  Lindleyana  is  less  generally  known  but  has  the  most  beau- 
tiful flowers  of  all.  They  are  of  a  royal  purple  color  and  vel- 
vety on  the  inner  surface,  in  long  racemes  or  panicles,  the  lower 
ones  dropping  off  as  new  buds  open.  Leaves  green  on  both 
sides.  Half  deciduous  but  hardy  and  should  be  freely  used. 
(See  Bot.  Reg.,  xxxii,  pi.  4.) 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  49 

B.  variabilis  may  be  known  by  its  coarsely  serrate  leaves, 
white-cottony  beneath,  and  by  the  glabrous  corolla,  which  is  lilac 
with  an  orange-yellow  mouth.  Rare  in  California  but  grown 
at  Goleta  and  Hollywood.  Hardy  and  a  very  desirable  sort. 
The  var.  Veitchiana  is  said  to  be  superior  even  to  the  typical 
form.  (See  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  7609.) 

The  propagation  of  Buddleias  is  best  carried  out  by  the  use 
of  cuttings.  This  is  particularly  important  if  it  is  desired  to 
exactly  reproduce  any  special  form.  Such  a  case  is  a  strain  of 
B.  madagascariensis  which  has  yellow  tomentum  and  more  flow- 
ers than  the  ordinary  sort,  but  does  not  come  true  to  seed. 
When  trimmed  back  they  branch  freely  and  put  out  numerous 
shoots.  B.  globosa  is  almost  weed-like  in  this  respect  and  sprouts 
up  even  if  cut  back  to  the  root. 

Acokanthera  spectabilis  Benth. 

WlNTERSWEET. 

A  trim  erect  shrub  of  columnar  habit,  4  to  6  ft.  high,  glabrous  almost 
throughout:  leaves  leathery,  shining  above,  opposite  or  alternate,  elliptic 
or  broadly  lanceolate,  very  acute,  short-stalked,  entire,  3  or  4  in.  long: 
flowers  jasmine-scented,  white  tinged  with  rose  or  suffused  with  pink, 
in  dense  terminal  and  axillary  clusters,  withering-persistent:  calyx  short, 
5-cleft:  corolla  minutely  pubescent  without,  slenderly  tubular,  about  1 
in.  long,  the  limb  parted  into  5  lanceolate  or  ovate  lobes:  stamens  and 
style  included:  fruit  berry-like,  nearly  black,  the  size  of  a  plum.  Syn- 
onym: Toxicophlaea  spectabilis.  Family  Apocynaceae.  South  Africa. 
Illustration:  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  6359. 

In  this  shrub  we  find  a  true  aristocrat.  It  carries  itself 
with  pride  and  dignity,  and  like  many  another  exotic  which,  in 
the  eastern  states,  demands  the  solicitude  of  hot-house  culture, 
is  easily  grown  in  southern  California  as  a  yard-plant. 

Because  of  its  moderate  size  and  slender  habit,  the  Winter- 
sweet  is  eminently  adapted  to  small  yards  and  lawns.  It  can 
be  used  to  good  effect  in  formal  planting,  either  singly  or  in 
rows.  For  this  purpose  it  is  much  more  effective  than  the 
European  Bay  so  often  used. 

Commonly  clothed  with  a  rather  dense  foliage,  it  is  found 
that  in  some  situations  this  shrub  has  a  tendency  to  cast  many 
of  its  leaves.  In  this  case  the  twiggy  appearance  may  be  rem- 


50  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     tv°L-  4 

edied  by  pruning  back,  thus  inducing  a  growth  of  new  foliage. 
The  flowers  are  neat  and  pretty  but  are  withering-persistent. 
If  one  is  not  content  to  wait  a  few  weeks  for  them  to  fall  they 
may  easily  be  plucked  by  hand  (since  they  grow  in  clusters)  or 
knocked  off  with  a  rake.  The  fruit  is  presumably  poisonous 
but  it  is  also  exceedingly  bitter,  so  that  there  is  no  danger  of  its 
being  eaten  by  children  or  domestic  animals.  The  bark  is  well 
known  to  yield  a  virulent  poison. 

The  minimum  temperature  which  this  plant  will  endure  has 
not  been  definitely  determined,  but  it  is  probably  not  far  below 
the  freezing  point.  It  passes  safely  through  the  winters  at 
Santa  Barbara  and  Los  Angeles  and  should  be  tried  on  a  small 
scale  farther  inland  and  in  middle  California.  It  is  indifferent 
to  neglect  and  lack  of  irrigation. 

Propagation  is  readily  effected  by  seeds.  Cuttings  are  rooted 
without  difficulty. 

Feijoa  Sellowiana  Berg. 
FEIJOA. 

An  erect  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  brown  bark:  leaves  opposite,  thick, 
2  or  3  in.  long  and  half  as  broad,  oblong,  obtuse,  short-stemmed,  deep 
green  and  shining  above,  white-tomentose  beneath:  flowers  solitary,  ax- 
illary, iy2  or  2  in.  broad,  the  flower-stalk  1  in.  long:  calyx-lobes  orbic- 
ular, reflexed:  petals  5,  orbicular,  spreading,  internally  blood-red  with 
white  margins:  stamens  numerous,  red,  the  anthers  yellow:  ovary  in- 
ferior, 4-celled:  fruit  oblong,  2  in.  long,  many-seeded,  yellowish  green, 
fleshy,  very  aromatic.  Family  Myrtaceae.  Southern  Brazil,  Uruguay, 
etc.  Illustrations:  PI.  11,  fig.  2;  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  7620;  Gard.  Chron.,  ser. 
3,  xxiv,  fig.  134. 

In  speaking  of  ornamental  shrubs  for  California,  mention 
should  perhaps  be  made  of  this  South  American  fruit,  since  it 
is  highly  ornamental  as  well  as  useful.  This  is  not  the  place 
to  speak  of  its  economic  features,  but  those  who  are  interested 
in  the  introduction  of  new,  high-class,  money-making  fruits,  will 
do  well  to  give  attention  to  the  Feijoa,  which  is  certain  to  be- 
come very  popular. 

The  beauty  of  this  shrub  lies  in  its  foliage  and  flowers.  The 
green  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  contrasts  finely  with  the  white 
lower  surface,  and  the  parti-colored  flowers  are  strikingly  hand- 
some and  unusual  both  in  color  and  form. 


1910]        Hall:  Studies  in  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs.  51 

Feijoa  is  much  more  hardy  than  the  orange,  and  so  may  be 
grown  in  most  of  the  settled  portions  of  our  state.  It  is  not 
particular  as  to  soil  and  apparently  endures  a  moderate  amount 
of  drought.  (See  further  account  in  Pacific  Garden  for  June, 
1908,  and  for  July,  1909.) 


INDEX. 


Acokanthera  spectabilis,  49. 
Agonis  flexuosa,  36. 
Angophora  intermedia,  22. 

lanceolata,  22. 
Bottle-brush,  21,  22,  27. 
Box,  Victorian,  10. 
Browallia  Jamesonii,  46. 
Buddleia  globosa,  48,  49. 

Lindleyana,  48. 

Madagascariensis,  47,  49. 

variabilis,  49. 

var.  Veitchiana,  49. 
Buddleia,  Madagascar,  48. 
Cajuput  Tree,  31. 
Callistemon,  22. 

brachyandrus,  27;  23. 

lanceolatus,  24. 

linearifolius,  25. 

linearis,  26. 

rigidus,  25. 

salignus,  26. 

var.  viridiflorus,  26. 

speciosus,  25. 

Calothamnus  quadrifidus,  37. 
Chimney-sweep,  23. 
Choisya,  44. 
Choisya  ternata,  44. 
Eurgenia  australis,  40. 

myrtifolia,  40. 
Feijoa,  50. 

Feijoa  Sellowiana,  50;  2. 
Hakea,  14. 

acicularis,  19. 

elliptica,  18;  17. 

eucalyptoides,  17. 

gibbosa,  20. 

laurina,  17,  18. 

multilineata,  18. 

nitida,  16. 

pectinata,  19. 

pugioniformis,  20. 

saligna,  15,  16. 

suaveolens,  19,  20. 

ulicina,  18,  19. 

undulata,  18,  19. 
Ironwood,  Island,  37. 
Jambos  myrtifolia,  40. 
Karo,  8. 
Kunzea,  22. 
Leptospermum,  35. 

ericoides,  35,  36. 

fabricia,  35. 


flavescens.  35. 

var.  grandiflorum,  35. 

juniperinum,  35. 

laevigatum,  35. 

lanigerum,  36. 

myrtifolium,  36. 

scoparium,  35,  36. 
Lyonothamnus  floribundus,  37. 

var.  asplenifolius,  37. 
Macadamia  ternifolia,  41;  2. 
Mayten,  43. 
Maytenus  Boaria,  43. 

chilensis,  43. 
Melaleuca,  27. 

alba,  32. 

armillaris,  32;  27,  28,  33. 

cajaputi,  31. 

decussata,  31;  28. 

ericifolia,  33;  28. 

fulgens,  30. 

genistifolia,  30. 

Huegelii,  33;  28. 

hypericifolia,  29;  27,  28. 

incana,  34. 

lateritia,  30;  27. 

leucadendron,  31;  28. 

linariifolia,  30;  28. 

micromeria,  34. 

nesophila,  33;  28. 

nodo'sa,  34. 

parviflora,  33. 

Preissiana,  33. 

styphelioides,  32;  28. 
Metrosideros,  36,  23. 

latifolius,  37. 

robusta,  36. 

semperflorens,  24,  37. 

tomentosa,  36. 
Myrtaceae,  Botanical  description, 

21. 

Myrtle  Family,  21. 
Nut,  Australian,  40. 
Pittosporum,  4,  6. 

bicolor,  13. 

crassifolium,  8;  5,  9. 

eriocarpum,  12;  5. 

eugenioides,  10;  4. 

Fairchildii,  9. 

hawaiiense,  12. 

heterophyllum,  11;  5. 

nigricans,  7. 

phillyraeoides,  13;  4,  5. 


[52] 


Index. 


53 


Ealphii,  8. 

revolutum,  12. 

rhombifolium,  11;  4. 

sinense,  9. 

tenuifolium,  7;  5. 

tetraspermum,  10. 

Tobira,  9;  5. 

var.  variegata,  9. 

undulatum,  10;  4,  5. 

viridiflorum,  9. 
Pittosporum,  Green-flowered,  9. 

Japanese,  9. 

Madras,  10. 

Narrow-leaved,  13. 

Queensland,  11. 
Punk  Tree,  31. 


Eoupala,  44. 
Roupala  Pohlii,  44. 
Solanum  jasminoides,  47. 

Eantonnetii,  47. 
Solanum,  Blue-flowered,  47. 
Streptosolen,  46. 
Streptosolen  Jamesonii,  46. 
Syncarpia  laurifolia,  22. 
Tarata,  10. 
Tea-tree,  27,  35. 
Tobira,  9. 

Toxicophlaea  spectabilis,  49. 
Tristania  conferta,  22. 
Victorian  Box,  10. 
Wintersweet,  49. 


PLATE  1. 

Pittosporum  phillyraeoides  DC.     NARROW-LEAVED  PITTOSPORUM. 

A  tree  grown  at  Santa  Barbara,  California,  in  a  neglected  corner. 
The  pendant  habit  is  characteristic  and  the  leaves  persistent.  Flowers 
yellowish,  inconspicuous. 


[54] 


UNIV.   CALIF.    PUBL.    BOT.  VOL.   4 


[HALL]    PLATE 


PLATE  2. 

Callistemon  speciosus  DC. 

A  tree  growing  in  Santa  Barbara,  California.  About  twenty  years 
old,  forty  feet  high.  Usually  only  a  bush  in  California.  Flower-clusters 
bright  red,  large,  pendant. 


[56] 


UNIV,   CALIF.    PUBL.    BOT.   VOL,   4 


[HALL]  PLATE  2 


PLATE  3. 

1.  Melaleuca  hypericifolia  Sin. 

a.  Flower-cluster.     (One-half  natural  size.) 
&.  Cluster  of  old  capsules.     (Reduced.) 

c.  Fascicle  of  stamens.     (Somewhat  enlarged.) 

2.  Melaleuca  lateritia  Otto. 

'a.  Flowering  branch.     (One-half  natural  size.) 

b.  Spike  of  old  capsules,  showing  the  spiral  arrangement.     (One-half 
natural  size.) 

c.  Four  old  capsules.     (About  natural  size.) 

d.  Flower.     (Enlarged  to  one  and  one-third  natural  size.) 

3.  Melaleuca  linariifolia  Sm. 

a.  Flowering  branch.     (About  natural  size.) 

b.  Branch  terminated  by  five  spikes  of  unopened  buds,  old  capsules 
below.     (About  one-half  natural  size.) 

c.  Flower.     (Enlarged.) 

d.  Old  capsules.     (About  natural  size.) 

4.  Melaleuca  fulgens  E.  Br. 

a.  Branch,  showing  flower-cluster  and  a  spike  of  unopened  buds. 

b.  Flower  dissected  vertically. 

c.  Pistil. 

All  drawn  from  nature  by  Mrs.  Louise  Nash,  except  figure  4,  which  is 
from  Lindley's  Botanical  Register,  plate  103. 


[58] 


UNIV.   CALIF,    PUBL.    BOT.    VOL.  4 


[HALL]    PLATE  3 


PLATE  4. 

1.  Melaleuca  decussata  R.  Br. 

a.  Flowering  branch.     (Natural  size.) 

&.  Branch  with  unopened  buds  showing  the  decussate  arrangement. 

c.  Flower.     (Enlarged.) 

d.  Petal  and  a  fascicle  of  nine  stamens.     (Enlarged.) 

e.  Twig  with  old  capsules  and  scars  of  fallen  capsules.      (Somewhat 
reduced.) 

2.  Melaleuca  armillaris  Sm. 

a.  Flowering  branch.     (Eeduced  to  one-half  natural  size.) 
fe.  Cluster  of  old  capsules.     (Nearly  natural  size.) 

c.  Leafy  branch   and   cluster   of  buds   with   their   subtending   bracts. 
(About  natural  size.) 

d.  Flower.     (Enlarged.) 

e.  Petal  and  fascicle  of  nine  stamens.     (Enlarged.) 

3.  Melaleuca  leucadendrcn  L.    CAJUPUT  TREE. 

a.  Flowering  branch,  with  capsules  of  the  previous  year  below.     (One- 
half  natural  size.) 

fc.  Three  capsules.     (Enlarged.) 

c.  Leaf,  showing  the  venation.     (One-half  natural  size.) 

d.  Flower.      (Enlarged.) 

4.  Melaleuca  styphelioides  Sm. 

a.  Flowering  branch.      (Natural  size.) 

b.  Branch  with  unopened  buds  and  a  few  bracts.     (Natural  size.) 

c.  Portion    of    stem    showing    the    pubescence,    and    leaf    with    veins. 
(Nearly  twice  natural  size.) 

d.  Flower.     (Enlarged.) 

All  of  the  figures  drawn  by  Mrs.  Louise  Nash. 


[60] 


UNIV.   CALIF.    PUBL.    BOT.    VOL   4 


[HALL]   PLATE  4 


PLATE  5. 

1.  Melaleuca  parviflora  Lindl. 

a.  Flowering  branch.     (A  little  more  than  natural  size.) 

6.  Section  of  the  stem  with  basal  portion  of  three  leaves.     (Enlarged.) 

c.  Single  flower.     (Enlarged.) 

d.  Stem  with  young  capsules  and  a  few  persistent  leaves.     (Enlarged.) 

e.  Old  capsules  on  a  stem  from  which  all  of  the  leaves  have  fallen. 
(Enlarged.) 

2.  Melaleuca  nodosa  Sm. 

a.  Flowering  branch  with  capsules  of  the  previous  year  at  the  base. 
(Natural  size.) 

fc.  Single  flower.     (Enlarged.) 

c.  Cluster  of  six  stamens.     (Enlarged.) 

d.  Leaf,  showing  the  oil-dots.     (Enlarged.) 

3.  Melaleuca  ericifolia  Sm. 

a.  Branch,  showing  capsules  of  the  year  on  the  upper  portion,  and  a 
•cluster  of  older  capsules  below.     (Natural  size.) 

b.  Capsule  seen  from  above.     (Enlarged.) 

4.  Melaleuca  nesophila  F.  Muell. 

a.  Flowering  branch  with  a  cluster  of  capsules  of  the  previous  year 
at  the  base.     (Keduced  to  three-fourths  natural  size.) 

b.  Fascicle  of  nine  stamens.     (Enlarged.) 

5.  Melaleuca  Huegelii  Endl. 

a.  Flowering  branch  with  some  unopened  buds  above,  and  a  spike  of 
buds  to  the  right.     (About  one-half  natural  size.) 
ft.  Flower.     (Enlarged.) 

c.  Portion  of  stem  showing  the  appressed  leaves.     (Enlarged.) 

d.  Old  capsules  massed  about  the  stem.     (Reduced.) 

e.  Three  capsules.     (Enlarged.) 

All  of  the  figures  drawn  by  Mrs.  Louise  Nash. 


[62] 


UNIV.   CALIF.    PUBL.    BOT.    VOL.  4 


[HALL]   PLATE  5 


PLATE  6. 

Melaleuca  armillaris  Sm. 

A  vigorous  specimen  seven  feet  high,  only  two  years  old,  bearing 
many  pendant  clusters  of  white  flowers.  Grown  in  Santa  Barbara, 
California. 


[64] 


UNIV.   CALIF.    PUBL.    BOT.  VOL.   4 


[HALL]   PLATE  6 


PLATE  7. 

Lyonothamnus  floribundus  var.   asplenifolius  Brandegee.     ISLAND   IRON- 
WOOD. 

Forty-five  feet  high,  trunk  diameter  ten  inches,  age  fifteen  years. 
Grown  in  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Berkeley,  California,  from  seed  brought 
from  Santa  Cruz  Island  by  Dr.  Franceschi. 


[66] 


UNIV.    CALIF.    PUBL,    BOT.    VOL.   4 


[HALL]    PLATE  7 


PLATE  8. 

Eugenia  rnyrtifolia  Sims.    AUSTRALIAN  BRUSH  CHERRY. 

Thirty  feet  high,  trunk  diameter  eight  inches,  age  fourteen  years. 
Grown  in  Berkeley,  California,  in  clay  soil.  Foliage  evergreen,  smooth 
and  shining,  with  a  pink  tinge  when  young,  becoming  green  as  it  matures. 
Flowers  white,  not  conspicuous,  followed  by  pinkish-green  berries. 


[68] 


UNiV.   CALIF.    PUBL    BOT.   VOL.  4 


[HALL]    PLATE  8 


PLATE  9. 

Maytenus  Boaria  Mol.    MAYTEN. 

A  young  tree  of  somewhat  irregular  growth.  The  pendant  branches 
characteristic.  Flowers  inconspicuous.  Grown  in  the  Botanic  Gardens, 
Berkeley,  California.  Valuable  as  a  lawn  tree  and  for  avenue  planting 
where  an  evergreen  is  desired. 


[70] 


UNIV.   CALIF.    PUBL,    BOT.    VOL.   4 


[HALL]    PLATE  9 


PLATE  10. 

Choisya  ternata  HBK.    CHOISYA. 

A  typical  plant,  grown  on  the  grounds  of  Hotel  del  Monte,  California. 
Height  five  feet.  Flowers  white,  occurring  throughout  most  of  the  year, 
the  photograph  taken  in  April.  Leaves  ternately  compound,  green, 
smooth,  and  glossy. 


[72] 


PLATE  11. 

1.  Solanum  Rantonnetii  Carr.     BLUE-FLOWERED  SOLANUM. 

Branch  taken  from  a  vine  twelve  feet  high,  grown  at  Santa  Barbara, 
California.  Often  trained  as  a  flowering  shrub  and  usually  more  florif- 
erous  than  shown  in  this  illustration.  Flowers  violet-blue. 

2.  Feijoa  Sellowiana  Berg.    FEIJOA. 

Flowering  branch  from  a  plant  grown  at  Pasadena,  California.  Petals 
red,  the  inrolled  margins  white.  Leaves  green  above,  white-silky  be- 
neath. The  plant  is  a  tall  shrub,  grown  as  an  ornamental  and  also  for  its 
perfumed  fruits. 


[74] 


UNIV.    CALIF.    PUBL,    BOT.    VOL.   4 


[HALLJ    PLATE 


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